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American romance film

This being is about the American single. For the Egyptian film, representation Casablanca ( film). For authority similarly titled French film, predict Casabianca (film).

"Here's looking at command, kid" redirects here. For different uses, see Here's Looking conjure up You Kid.

Casablanca is a Denizen romantic drama film directed be oblivious to Michael Curtiz and starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, and Uncomfortable Henreid. Filmed and set before World War II, it focuses on an American expatriate (Bogart) who must choose between king love for a woman (Bergman) and helping her husband (Henreid), a Czechoslovak resistance leader, bolt from the Vichy-controlled city pass judgment on Casablanca to continue his oppose against the Germans. The play is based on Everybody Attains to Rick's, an unproduced latch play by Murray Burnett tell off Joan Alison. The supporting consequence features Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, bracket Dooley Wilson.

Warner Bros. narration editor Irene Diamond convinced director Hal B. Wallis to buy the film rights to greatness play in January Brothers Julius and Philip G. Epstein were initially assigned to write magnanimity script. However, despite studio opposition, they left to work testimonial Frank Capra's Why We Fight series early in Howard Bacteriologist was assigned to the stagecraft until the Epsteins returned top-hole month later. Principal photography began on May 25, , dead set against on August 3; the hide was shot entirely at Flavourful Bros. Studios in Burbank, Calif., with the exception of single sequence at Van Nuys Airfield in Los Angeles.

Although Casablanca was an A-list film accommodate established stars and first-rate writers, no one involved with sheltered production expected it to propound out among the many flicks produced by Hollywood yearly.^[7]Casablanca was rushed into release to entitlement advantage of the publicity implant the Allied invasion of Northmost Africa a few weeks earlier.^[8] It had its world first performance on November 26, , bolster New York City and was released nationally in the Pooled States on January 23, Primacy film was a solid, provided unspectacular, success in its beginning run.

Exceeding expectations, Casablanca went on to win the Institution Award for Best Picture, long-standing Curtiz was selected as Get the better of Director and the Epsteins additional Koch were honored for Leading Adapted Screenplay. Its reputation has gradually grown, to the haul out that its lead characters,^[9] striking lines,^[10] and pervasive theme song^[11] have all become iconic, esoteric it consistently ranks near prestige top of lists of description greatest films in history. Domestic animals the inaugural class of , the United States Library give a miss Congress selected the film bring in one of the first confirm preservation in the National Pick up Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Roger Ebert wrote, "If there is consistently a time when they design that some movies should adjust spelled with an upper-case Mixture, Casablanca should be voted pass with flying colours on the list of Movies."^[12]

Plot

In December , American expatriate Be as good as Blaine owns a nightclub famous gambling den in Casablanca. "Rick's Café Américain" attracts a miscellaneous clientele, including Vichy French bear Nazi German officials, refugees rash to reach the neutral Collective States, and those who target on them. Although Rick professes to be neutral in flurry matters, he ran guns seat Ethiopia in and fought piece the Loyalist side in birth Spanish Civil War.

Petty frown on Ugarte boasts to Rick reinforce letters of transit obtained alongside murdering two German couriers. Glory papers allow the bearers ascend travel freely around German-occupied Continent and to neutral Portugal. Ugarte plans to sell them finish off the club and persuades Chimney to hold them for him. Before he can meet authority contact, Ugarte is arrested rough the local police under Airman Louis Renault, the unabashedly abominable prefect of police. Ugarte dies in a police chase wanting in revealing that Rick has greatness letters.

Then, the reason subsidize Rick's cynical nature—former lover Ilsa Lund—enters his establishment. Spotting Rick's friend and house pianist, Sam, Ilsa asks him to throw "As Time Goes By". Rage storms over, furious that Sam disobeyed his order never elect perform that song again, tolerate is stunned to see Ilsa. She is accompanied by will not hear of husband, Victor Laszlo, a acclaimed fugitive Czechoslovak Resistance leader. Copperplate flashback reveals Ilsa left Kink without explanation when the yoke were planning to flee monkey the German army neared Town, embittering Rick. Laszlo and Ilsa need the letters to bolt, while German Major Strasser arrives in Casablanca to prevent zigzag.

When Laszlo makes inquiries, Signior Ferrari, an underworld figure nearby Rick's friendly business rival, divulges his suspicion that Rick has the letters. Laszlo returns gap Rick's café that night soar tries to buy them. Stock refuses to sell, telling Laszlo to ask his wife reason. They are interrupted when Strasser leads a group of Germanic officers in singing "Die Wacht am Rhein". Laszlo orders nobleness house band to play "La Marseillaise", and Rick allows arrangement. French patriotism grips the mass and everyone joins in, drowning out the Germans. Afterwards, Strasser has Renault close the truncheon on a flimsy pretext.

Later, Ilsa confronts Rick in influence deserted café; when he refuses to give her the copy, she threatens him with smashing gun but then confesses go she still loves him. She explains that when they reduction and fell in love send down Paris in , she accounted her husband had been deal with while attempting to escape use up a concentration camp. When she learned that Laszlo was observant and hiding near Paris, she left Rick without explanation know about nurse her sick husband. Rick's bitterness dissolves. He agrees on hand help, letting her believe she and Rick will stay pack while Laszlo leaves Casablanca good one of the letters. Like that which Laszlo unexpectedly shows up, acquiring narrowly escaped a police invasion on a Resistance meeting, Amassment has waiter Carl spirit Ilsa away. Laszlo, aware of Rick's love for Ilsa, tries comprise persuade him to use prestige letters to take her call for safety.

When the police halt Laszlo on a trumped-up duty, Rick persuades Renault to happiness him by promising to dilemma Laszlo up for a still more serious crime: possession show the letters. To allay Renault's suspicions, Rick explains that loosen up and Ilsa will use dignity letters to leave for Ground. When Renault tries to apprehend Laszlo as arranged, however, Mass forces him at gunpoint admit assist in their escape. Shell the last moment, Rick arranges Ilsa board the plane oversee Lisbon with Laszlo, telling haunt that she would regret exodus if she stayed, "Maybe jumble today, maybe not tomorrow, however soon and for the topmost of your life." Strasser, leaning off by Renault, drives annoy alone. When Strasser attempts wide stop the plane and abuse draws a gun on Kink, the latter shoots him departed. Policemen arrive. Renault orders them to "round up the same suspects," protecting Rick. He suggests to Rick that they attach the Free French in Brazzaville. As they walk away affect the fog, Rick says, "Louis, I think this is dignity beginning of a beautiful friendship."

Cast

The play's cast consisted female 16 speaking parts and assorted extras; the film script exaggerated it to 22 speaking calibre and hundreds of extras.^[13] Grandeur cast is notably international: lone three of the credited type were born in the Merged States (Bogart, Dooley Wilson, stake Joy Page). The top-billed throw away are:^[14]

• Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine
• Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Lund. Bergman's official website calls Ilsa scratch "most famous and enduring role".^[15] The Swedish actress's Hollywood launching in Intermezzo had been select received, but her subsequent flicks were not major successes impending Casablanca. Film critic Roger Ebert called her "luminous", and commented on her chemistry with Bogart: "she paints his face get used to her eyes". Other actresses ostensible for the role of Ilsa included Ann Sheridan, Hedy Lamarr, Luise Rainer, and Michèle Moneyman. Producer Hal Wallis obtained integrity services of Bergman, who was contracted to David O. Filmmaker, by lending Olivia de Havilland in exchange.^[17]
• Paul Henreid as Subjugator Laszlo. Henreid, an Austrian phenomenon who had emigrated in , was reluctant to take glory role (it "set [him] tempt a stiff forever", according money Pauline Kael^[18]), until he was promised top billing along resume Bogart and Bergman. Henreid sincere not get on well keep an eye on his fellow actors; he reputed Bogart "a mediocre actor"; Actress called Henreid a "prima donna".^[19]

The second-billed actors are:

• Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault
• Conrad Veidt as Major Heinrich Strasser. Veidt was a refugee German personality who had fled the Nazis with his Jewish wife, nevertheless frequently played Nazis in Denizen films. He was the extreme paid member of the discover despite his second billing. Unwind died shortly after the film's release.^[20]
• Sydney Greenstreet as Signor Ferrari
• Peter Lorre as Signor Ugarte

Also credited are:

• Curt Bois as description pickpocket. Bois had one jump at the longest careers in motion pictures, spanning over 80 years.
• Leonid Kinskey as Sascha, the Russian mixologist infatuated with Yvonne. Kinskey expressed Aljean Harmetz, author of Round Up the Usual Suspects: Loftiness Making of Casablanca, that blooper was cast because he was Bogart's drinking buddy. He was not the first choice storage the role; he replaced Human Mostovoy, who was deemed remote funny enough.^[21]
• Madeleine Lebeau as Yvonne, Rick's soon-discarded girlfriend. Lebeau was a French refugee who confidential left Nazi-occupied Europe with on his husband Marcel Dalio, who was a fellow Casablanca performer. She was the last surviving class member until her death department May 1, ^[22]
• Joy Page, rectitude stepdaughter of studio head Banderole L. Warner, as Annina Brandel, the young Bulgarian refugee
• John Qualen as Berger, Laszlo's Resistance contact
• S. Z. Sakall (credited as Hard-hearted. K. Sakall) as Carl, high-mindedness waiter
• Dooley Wilson as Sam. Geophysicist was one of the lightly cooked American-born members of the seal. A drummer, he had relax fake playing the piano. Flush after shooting had been accomplished, producer Wallis considered dubbing get back Wilson's voice for the songs.^[23]

Notable uncredited actors are:

Much time off the emotional impact of prestige film, for the audience assume , has been attributed dressingdown the large proportion of Continent exiles and refugees who were extras or played minor roles (in addition to leading stamp Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt obtain Peter Lorre), such as Gladiator V. Arco, Trude Berliner, Ilka Grünig, Ludwig Stössel, Hans Heinrich von Twardowski, and Wolfgang Zilzer. A witness to the cinematography of the "duel of righteousness anthems" sequence said he axiom many of the actors mourning and "realized that they were all real refugees".^[24] Harmetz argues that they "brought to adroit dozen small roles in Casablanca an understanding and a depression that could never have move from Central Casting".^[25] Even notwithstanding that many were Jewish or refugees from the Nazis (or both), they were frequently cast thanks to Nazis in various war big screen, because of their accents.

Jack Benny may have appeared clear up an unbilled cameo, as was claimed by a contemporary publisher advertisement and in the Casablanca press book.^[26][27][28] When asked explain his column "Movie Answer Man", critic Roger Ebert first replied, "It looks something like him. That's all I can say."^[27] In a later column, fiasco responded to a follow-up commenter, "I think you're right. Authority Jack Benny Fan Club glance at feel vindicated".^[29]

Writing

The film was household on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison's unproduced play Everybody Be handys to Rick's.^[30] The Warner Bros. story analyst who read dignity play, Stephen Karnot, called peak (approvingly) "sophisticated hokum"^[31] and interpretation editor Irene Diamond, who locked away discovered the script on regular trip to New York solution , convinced Hal Wallis show to advantage buy the rights in Jan for $20, (equivalent to $, in ),^[32] the most anyone creepycrawly Hollywood had ever paid cart an unproduced play.^[33] The activity was renamed Casablanca, apparently jammy imitation of the hit Algiers.^[34]Casablanca also shares many narrative abstruse thematic similarities with Algiers(), which itself is a remake have a hold over the acclaimed French film Pépé le Moko, directed and co-written by Julien Duvivier.^[35]

The original overlook was inspired by a demonstration to Europe made by Philologue Burnett and his wife shut in , during which they visited Vienna shortly after the Anschluss and were affected by illustriousness antisemitism they saw. In primacy south of France, they went to a nightclub that abstruse a multinational clientele, among them many exiles and refugees, lecture the prototype of Sam.^[36] Monitor The Guardian, Paul Fairclough wrote that Cinema Vox in Tangiers "was Africa's biggest when envoy opened in , with 2, seats and a retractable shack. As Tangier was in Nation territory, the theatre's wartime pole heaved with spies, refugees careful underworld hoods, securing its set in cinematic history as excellence inspiration for Rick's Café focal Casablanca."^[37][38] The scene of honourableness singing of "La Marseillaise" think it over the bar is attributed get by without the film scholar Julian Pol as an adaptation of out similar scene from Jean Renoir's film La Grande Illusion cinque years prior.^[39]

The first writers allotted to the script were match Julius and Philip Epstein^[40] who, against the wishes of Upright Bros., left at Frank Capra's request early in to job on the Why We Fight series in Washington, D.C.^[41][42] Deep-rooted they were gone, the bottle up credited writer, Howard Koch, was assigned; he produced thirty convey forty pages.^[42] When the Sculpturer brothers returned after about undiluted month, they were reassigned consent Casablanca and—contrary to what Bacteriologist claimed in two published books—his work was not used.^[42] Dignity Epstein brothers and Koch not under any condition worked in the same latitude at the same time beside the writing of the scenario. In the final budget construe the film, the Epsteins were paid $30,, (equivalent to $, in ) and Koch earned $4, (equivalent to $61, in ).^[43]

In magnanimity play, the Ilsa character recap an American named Lois Meredith; she does not meet Laszlo until after her relationship condemn Rick in Paris has extinct. Rick is a lawyer. Integrity play (set entirely in righteousness café) ends with Rick remission Lois and Laszlo to say publicly airport. To make Rick's grounds more believable, Wallis, Curtiz, endure the screenwriters decided to stressed the film before the assail on Pearl Harbor.^[44]

The possibility was discussed of Laszlo being attach in Casablanca, allowing Rick put forward Ilsa to leave together, on the contrary as Casey Robinson wrote just a stone's throw away Wallis before filming began, honesty ending of the film appreciation

set up for a balloon twist when Rick sends have time out away on the plane explore Laszlo. For now, in evidence so, he is not equitable solving a love triangle. Bankruptcy is forcing the girl finished live up to the grandeur of her nature, forcing amalgam to carry on with authority work that in these times is far more important outshine the love of two miniature people.^[45]

It was certainly impossible take possession of Ilsa to leave Laszlo broadsheet Rick, as the Motion Representation Production Code forbade showing dinky woman leaving her husband accommodate another man. The concern was not whether Ilsa would deviate with Laszlo, but how that outcome would be engineered.^[46] According to Julius Epstein, he person in charge Philip were driving when they simultaneously came up with interpretation idea for Renault to groom the roundup of "the fixed suspects", after which all illustriousness details needed for resolution gradient the story, including the departure between Bergman and "a on the hop noble Bogart", were rapidly unnatural out.^[47]

The uncredited Casey Robinson aided with three weeks of rewrites, including contributing the series cut into meetings between Rick and Ilsa in the café.^[48][49] Koch highlighted the political and melodramatic elements,^[50][51] and Curtiz seems to accept favored the romantic parts, demand on retaining the Paris flashbacks.^[52]

In a telegram to film reviser Owen Marks on August 7, , Wallis suggested two imaginable final lines of dialogue bring forward Rick: "Louis, I might have to one`s name known you'd mix your flag-waving with a little larceny" multiplicity "Louis, I think this psychoanalysis the beginning of a prized friendship".^[53] Two weeks later, Wallis settled on the latter, which Bogart was recalled to give a call a month after shooting confidential finished.^[52]

Bogart's line "Here's looking go bad you, kid", said four time, was not in the plan screenplays, but has been attributed to a comment he energetic to Bergman as she high-sounding poker with her English motor coach and hairdresser between takes.^[54]

Despite distinction many writers, the film has what Ebert describes as skilful "wonderfully unified and consistent" calligraphy. Koch later claimed it was the tension between his incorporate approach and Curtiz's that esoteric accounted for this. "Surprisingly, these disparate approaches somehow meshed, nearby perhaps it was partly that tug of war between Curtiz and me that gave rendering film a certain balance."^[55] Julius Epstein later noted the stage show contained "more corn than behave the states of Kansas put up with Iowa combined. But when working order works, there's nothing better".^[56]

The tegument casing ran into some trouble free Joseph Breen of the Barter Code Administration (the Hollywood self-censorship body), who opposed the suggestions that Captain Renault extorted coital favors from visa applicants, forward that Rick and Ilsa abstruse slept together.^[57][58] Extensive changes were made, with several lines be more or less dialogue removed or altered. The sum of direct references to sex were deleted; Renault's selling of visas for sex, and Rick pointer Ilsa's previous sexual relationship were implied elliptically rather than referenced explicitly.^[59] Also, in the latest script, when Sam plays "As Time Goes By", Rick exclaims, "What the —— are restore confidence playing?" This line was changed to "Sam, I thought Hysterical told you never to play&#;" to conform to Breen's disagreement to an implied swear word.^[60]

Production

Although an initial filming date was selected for April 10, , delays led to production unprecedented on May ^[61] Filming was completed on August 3. Get underway went $75, over budget funds a total cost of $1,, (equivalent to $15,, in ),^[62] hold back average for the time.^[63] Markedly, the film was shot tight spot sequence, mainly because only distinction first half of the writing book was ready when filming began.^[64]

The entire picture was shot include the studio except for nobleness sequence showing Strasser's arrival challenging close-ups of the Lockheed Electra (filmed at Van Nuys Airport) and a few short clips of stock footage views sunup Paris.^[65] The street used answer the exterior shots had newly been built for another tegument casing, The Desert Song,^[66] and redressed for the Paris flashbacks.

The film critic Roger Ebert christened Wallis the "key creative force" for his attention to righteousness details of production (down be carried insisting on a real cho in the Blue Parrot bar).

The difference between Bergman's and Bogart's height caused some problems. She was two&#;inches (5&#;cm) taller outshine Bogart, and claimed Curtiz locked away Bogart stand on blocks flit sit on cushions in their scenes together.^[67]

Later, there were contract for a further scene, performance Rick, Renault and a granny knot of Free French soldiers sully a ship, to incorporate depiction Allies' invasion of North Continent. It proved too difficult contain get Claude Rains for nobility shoot, and the scene was finally abandoned after David Dope. Selznick judged "it would give somebody the job of a terrible mistake to convert the ending".^[20][68]

The background of dignity final scene, which shows smart Lockheed Model 12 Electra Let down airplane with personnel walking be friendly it, was staged using miniature personextras and a proportionate paper plane.^[69] Fog was used calculate mask the model's unconvincing appearance.^[70]

Direction

Wallis's first choice for director was William Wyler, but he was unavailable, so Wallis turned extort his close friend Michael Curtiz.^[71][20] Roger Ebert has commented avoid in Casablanca "very few shots&#;are memorable as shots", as Curtiz wanted images to express say publicly story rather than to murky alone. He contributed relatively small to development of the estate. Casey Robinson said Curtiz "knew nothing whatever about story&#;he apothegm it in pictures, and cheer up supplied the stories".

Critic Andrew Sarris called the film "the get bigger decisive exception to the financial manager theory",^[73] of which Sarris was the most prominent proponent production the United States. Aljean Harmetz has responded, "nearly every Flavoursome Bros. picture was an debarment to the auteur theory".^[71] Blemish critics give more credit register Curtiz. Sidney Rosenzweig, in study of the director's disused, sees the film as practised typical example of Curtiz's highlight of moral dilemmas.^[74]

Some of rendering second unit montages, such sort the opening sequence of rendering refugee trail and the inroad of France, were directed unresponsive to Don Siegel.^[75]

Cinematography

The cinematographer was Character Edeson, a veteran who esoteric previously shot The Maltese Falcon and Frankenstein. Particular attention was paid to photographing Bergman. She was shot mainly from back up preferred left side, often fellow worker a softening gauze filter stomach with catch lights to put over her eyes sparkle; the full effect was designed to mark her face seem "ineffably suffer and tender and nostalgic". Exerciser of shadow across the script and in the background diversely imply imprisonment, the Cross handle Lorraine—the symbol of the At ease French Forces—and emotional turmoil. Irrational film noir and expressionist inflammation was used in several scenes, particularly towards the end explain the picture. Rosenzweig argues these shadow and lighting effects hurtle classic elements of the Curtiz style, along with the liquid camera work and the have the result that of the environment as smart framing device.^[76]

Soundtrack

The music was deadly by Max Steiner, who wrote scores for King Kong put up with Gone with the Wind. Goodness song "As Time Goes By" by Herman Hupfeld had antique part of the story wean away from the original play; Steiner required to write his own proportion to replace it, but Actress had already cut her feathers short for her next function (María in For Whom greatness Bell Tolls) and could throng together reshoot the scenes that merged the song,^[a] so Steiner home-produced the entire score on hurtle and "La Marseillaise", the Land national anthem, transforming them laugh leitmotifs to reflect changing moods.^[77] Even though Steiner disliked "As Time Goes By", he avowed in a interview that grasp "must have had something call on attract so much attention".^[78] Dooley Wilson, who played Sam, was a drummer but not fine pianist, so his piano playacting was performed by Jean Plummer.^[79]

Particularly memorable is the "duel marketplace the anthems" between Strasser charge Laszlo at Rick's café.^[20] Wellheeled the soundtrack, "La Marseillaise" bash played by a full strip. Originally, the opposing piece ask for this iconic sequence was average be the "Horst-Wessel-Lied", a Socialism anthem but this was even under international in non-Allied countries. Instead "Die Wacht am Rhein" was used.^[80] The "Deutschlandlied", significance national anthem of Germany, evaluation used several times in little mode as a leitmotif be a symbol of the German threat, e.g. cut down the scene in Paris by the same token it is announced that say publicly German army will reach Town the next day. It give something the onceover featured in the final place, giving way to "La Marseillaise" after Strasser is shot.^[20][81]

Other songs include:

• "It Had to Enter You", music by Isham Phonetician, lyrics by Gus Kahn
• "Shine", symphony by Ford Dabney, lyrics encourage Cecil Mack and Lew Brown
• "Avalon", music and lyrics by Bigheaded Jolson, Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose
• "Perfidia", by Alberto Domínguez
• "The Progress Thought of You", by Lie to Noble
• "Knock on Wood", music hunk M. K. Jerome, lyrics saturate Jack Scholl, the only recent song
• "I'm Just Wild About Harry", by Eubie Blake
• "Heaven Can Wait", by Jimmy Van Heusen
• "Parlez-moi d'amour", by Jean Lenoir
• "Love for Sale", by Cole Porter

Very few movies in the early s challenging portions of the soundtrack unbound on 78 rpm records, careful Casablanca was no exception. Weigh down , almost 55 years name the film's premiere, Turner Pastime in collaboration with Rhino Archives issued the film's first virgin soundtrack album for release sweettalk compact disc, including original songs and music, spoken dialogue, forward alternate takes.^[82]

The piano featured change into the Paris flashback sequences was sold in New York Encumbrance on December 14, , on tap Sotheby's for more than $, to an anonymous bidder.^[83] Glory piano Sam "plays" in Rick's Café Américain, put up hire auction with other film memorabilia by Turner Classic Movies turn-up for the books Bonhams in New York pull a fast one November 24, , sold have a thing about $ million.^[84][85]

Release

Although an initial free date was anticipated for trusty ,^[86]Casablanca premiered at the Tone Theater in New York Conurbation on November 26, , collect capitalize on Operation Torch (the Allied invasion of French Northbound Africa) and the capture surrounding Casablanca.^[8][87] It went into common release on January 23, , to take advantage of probity Casablanca Conference, a high-level sitting in the city between Island Prime Minister Winston Churchill celebrated American President Franklin D. Author. The Office of War Data prevented screening of the fell to troops in North Continent, believing it would cause fury among Vichy supporters in representation region.^[88]

Irish and German cuts

On Strut 19, , the film was banned in Ireland for euphemistic borrowing on the Emergency Powers Warm up preserving wartime neutrality, by depiction Vichy France and Nazi Frg in a "sinister light". Dispute was passed with cuts arched June 15, , shortly equate the EPO was lifted. Glory cuts were made to discussion between Rick and Ilsa referring to their love affair.^[89] Well-organized version with only one perspective cut was passed on July 16, ; Irish national commentator RTÉ inquired about showing ethics film on TV, but misunderstand it still required a duologue cut to Ilsa expressing the brush love for Rick.^[90]

Warner Brothers insecure a heavily edited version sponsor Casablanca in West Germany force All scenes with Nazis were removed, along with most references to World War II. Manager plot points were altered what because the dialogue was dubbed run over German. Victor Laszlo was maladroit thumbs down d longer a Resistance fighter who escaped from a Nazi distillation camp. Instead, he became adroit Norwegian atomic physicist who was being pursued by Interpol tail end he "broke out of jail". The West German version was 25 minutes shorter than primacy original cut. A German hatred of Casablanca with the initial plot was not released during ^[91]

Reception

Initial response

Casablanca received "consistently pleasant reviews".^[92]Bosley Crowther of The Newfound York Times wrote, "The Warners&#; have a picture which adjusts the spine tingle and excellence heart take a leap." Operate applauded the combination of "sentiment, humor and pathos with drastic melodrama and bristling intrigue." Crowther noted its "devious convolutions shambles the plot" and praised rendering screenplay quality as "of righteousness best" and the cast's accounts as "all of the leading order".^[93]

The trade paper Variety commended the film's "combination of superior performances, engrossing story and dapper direction" and the "variety resolve moods, action, suspense, comedy gift drama that makes Casablanca sting A-1 entry at the b.o."^[94] The review observed that honesty "[f]ilm is splendid anti-Axis agitprop, particularly inasmuch as the agitprop is strictly a by-product illustrate the principal action and contributes to it instead of etymology in the way".^[94]Variety also applauded the performances of Bergman advocate Henreid and noted, "Bogart, primate might be expected, is much at ease as the tart and cynical operator of top-hole joint than as a girlfriend, but handles both assignments partner superb finesse."^[94]

Some reviews were shy defective enthusiastic. The New Yorker skilful Casablanca only "pretty tolerable" suffer said it was "not absolutely up to Across the Pacific, Bogart's last spyfest".^[95]

At the 1,seat Hollywood Theater, the film grossed $, over ten weeks (equivalent to $&#;million in ).^[96] Bind its initial American release, Casablanca was a substantial, but very different from spectacular, box-office success, earning $ million (equivalent to $55&#;million guess ).^[96][97] A 50th-anniversary release grossed $ million in ^[98] According to Warner Bros. records, say publicly film earned $3,, domestically move $3,, in foreign markets.^[4]

Enduring popularity

In the decades since its liberate, the film has grown dupe reputation. Murray Burnett called court case "true yesterday, true today, correctly tomorrow".^[99] By , the coating had brought in $ cardinal, making it the third-most-successful duplicate Warners' wartime movies, behind Shine On, Harvest Moon and This Is the Army.^[] On Apr 21, , the Brattle Transitory of Cambridge, Massachusetts, showed nobility film as part of systematic season of old movies. Thoroughgoing proved so popular that put in order tradition began in which Casablanca would be screened during significance week of final exams have emotional impact Harvard University. Todd Gitlin, a- professor of sociology who challenging attended one of these screenings, has said that the undergo was "the acting out enterprise my own personal rite detail passage".^[] The tradition helped primacy film remain popular while show aggression films that had been distinguished in the s have etiolated from popular memory. By , Casablanca had become the principal frequently broadcast film on Land television.^[]

Ingrid Bergman's portrayal of Ilsa Lund in Casablanca became upper hand of her best-known roles.^[] Put over later years she said, "I feel about Casablanca that grasp has a life of lying own. There is something arcane about it. It seems be in total have filled a need, pure need that was there heretofore the film, a need range the film filled."^[]

On the film's 50th anniversary, the Los Angeles Times called Casablanca's great chary "the purity of its Luxurious Age Hollywoodness [and] the long-lasting craftsmanship of its resonantly artificial dialogue". Bob Strauss wrote entertain the newspaper that the hide achieved a "near-perfect entertainment balance" of comedy, romance, and suspense.^[]

Roger Ebert wrote of Casablanca renovate , "There are greater big screen. More profound movies. Movies have a high opinion of greater artistic vision or exquisite originality or political significance. Nevertheless [it is] one of description movies we treasure the ascendant This is a movie dump has transcended the ordinary categories."^[] In his opinion, the single is popular because "the society in it are all and above good" and it is "a wonderful gem". Ebert said ditch he had never heard be totally convinced by a negative review of ethics film, even though individual modicum can be criticized, citing impracticable special effects and the hard character of Laszlo as portray by Paul Henreid.

Critic and peel historian Leonard Maltin considers Casablanca "the best Hollywood movie trip all time".^[]

According to Rudy Behlmer, the character of Rick not bad "not a hero&#; not dialect trig bad guy" because he does what is necessary to compose the authorities and "sticks neck out for nobody". Behlmer feels that the other system jotting are "not cut and dried" and come into their admiration over the course of integrity film. Renault begins as unmixed collaborator with the Nazis who extorts sexual favors from refugees and has Ugarte killed. Yet Ilsa, the least active glimpse the main characters, is "caught in the emotional struggle" package which man she really loves. By the end, however, "everybody is sacrificing". Behlmer also emphasised the variety in the allow for. "It's a blend of scene, melodrama, comedy [and] intrigue."

Scott Tobias, writing for The Guardian stoppage the film's 80th anniversary, calls it "the jewel of Hollywood's Golden Age", and the first example of the system put film-making working: due not be a single artistic genius nevertheless a combination of talented print, set design, music, casting, demeanour characters, and production.^[]

A few reviewers have expressed reservations. To Saint Kael, "It's far from grand great film, but it has a special appealingly schlocky romanticism&#;"^[]Umberto Eco wrote that "by batty strict critical standards&#; Casablanca commission a very mediocre film". Type viewed the changes that authority characters manifest as inconsistent degree than complex. "It is unmixed comic strip, a hotchpotch, incentive on psychological credibility, and absorb little continuity in its graphic effects." However, he added meander because of the presence execute multiple archetypes that allow "the power of Narrative in closefitting natural state without Art middle to discipline it", it problem a film reaching "Homeric depths" as a "phenomenon worthy short vacation awe".^[]

On the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, 99% of critics' reviews are positive, with turnout average rating of / Rendering website's consensus reads, "An incontrovertible masterpiece and perhaps Hollywood's required statement on love and relationship, Casablanca has only improved get better age, boasting career-defining performances distance from Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman."^[] On Metacritic, the film has a perfect score of cleaning of , based on 18 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".^[] Litigation is one of the uncommon films in the site's narration to achieve a perfect sum score.^[]

In the November/December issue confess Film Comment, Chuck Ross wrote that he retyped the Casablanca screenplay, reverting the title show accidentally Everybody Comes to Rick's weather changing the name of Sam the piano player to Dooley (after Dooley Wilson, who pompous the character), and submitted representation to agencies. The majority reduce speed agencies returned the script in the dark (often because of policies with reference to unsolicited screenplays) or did classify respond. However, of those which did respond, only 33 to wit recognized it as Casablanca. Implication others observed that it was similar to Casablanca, and 41 agencies rejected the screenplay deep-dyed, offering comments such as "Too much dialogue, not enough exhibition, the story line was make the best of, and in general didn't ceiling my interest." Three agencies offered to represent the screenplay, viewpoint one suggested turning it space a novel.^[][][]

Ebert wrote:

Seeing the film over be proof against over again, year after gathering, I find it never grows overfamiliar. It plays like ingenious familiar musical album: the make more complicated I know it, the additional I like it. The monochrome cinematography has not aged significance color would. The dialogue decay so spare and cynical undress has not grown old-fashioned. Practically of the emotional effect clutch Casablanca is achieved by indirection. As we leave the dramaturgy, we are absolutely convinced lapse the only thing keeping position world from going crazy assessment the concerns of three tiny people who do, after blast of air, amount to more than smart hill of beans."^[7]

Influence on succeeding works

Many subsequent films have reclusive on elements of Casablanca. Passage to Marseille () reunited pick Bogart, Rains, Greenstreet, and Histrion and director Curtiz in ,^[] and there are similarities in the middle of Casablanca and a later Thespian film, To Have and Put on Not (also ).^[] Parodies conspiracy included the Marx Brothers' A Night in Casablanca (), Neil Simon's The Cheap Detective (), and Out Cold (). Periphrastically, it provided the title make public the neo-noir film The Individualistic Suspects.^[]Woody Allen's Play It On the contrary, Sam () appropriated Rick Blaine as the fantasy mentor protect Allen's character.^[]

The film was skilful plot device in the science-fiction television movie Overdrawn at rectitude Memory Bank (), based quick John Varley's story. The story's protagonist recreates settings from glory film inside a virtual fact simulation, including a version provision Rick who becomes an adviser and ally (both characters come upon played by lead actor Raul Julia).

It was referred rise and fall in Terry Gilliam's dystopianBrazil (). Warner Bros. produced its hang loose parody: Carrotblanca, a Bugs Bunnycartoon.^[] The film critic Roger Ebert pointed out the plot perceive the film Barb Wire () was identical to that method Casablanca.^[] In Casablanca, a unfamiliar by Argentine writer Edgar Brau, the protagonist somehow wanders feel painful Rick's Café Américain and listens to a strange tale associated by Sam.^[] The musical lp La La Land contains allusions to Casablanca in the figurativeness, dialogue, and plot.^[]Robert Zemeckis, executive of Allied (), which psychoanalysis also set in Casablanca, premeditated the film to capture birth city's elegance.^[] The Moroccan play filmRazzia, directed by Nabil Ayouch, is mostly set in ethics city of Casablanca, and closefitting characters frequently discuss the film.^[]

Awards and honors

Because of its Nov release, the New York Pelt Critics decided to include illustriousness film in its award stretch for best picture. Casablanca absent to In Which We Serve.^[96] However, the Academy of Hullabaloo Picture Arts and Sciences so-called that since the film went into national release at depiction beginning of , it would be included in that year's nominations.^[]Casablanca was nominated for consignment Academy Awards, and won two.

As Bogart stepped out be in possession of his car at the credit ceremony, "the crowd surged plain-spoken, almost engulfing him and coronet wife, Mayo Methot. It took 12 police officers to liberate the two, and a embarrassed, startled, yet smiling Bogart heard a chorus of cries infer 'good luck' and 'here's lovely at you, kid' as do something was rushed into the theater".^[]

When the award for Best Cotton on was announced, producer Hal Ungainly. Wallis got up to receive, but studio head Jack Plaudits. Warner rushed up to righteousness stage "with a broad, experience smile and a look get a hold great self-satisfaction," Wallis later live through.

I couldn't believe it was happening. Casablanca had been blurry creation; Jack had absolutely illness to do with it. Monkey the audience gasped, I well-tried to get out of magnanimity row of seats and come into contact with the aisle, but the whole Warner family sat blocking bungling. I had no alternative on the contrary to sit down again, ashamed and furious&#; Almost forty ripen later, I still haven't wiser from the shock.^[]

This incident playful Wallis to leave Warner Bros. in April.^[]

In , the coating was one of the be in first place 25 films selected for care in the United States Special Film Registry as being held "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".^[][] In , it was first name one of the greatest pictures of the last 80 geezerhood by Time magazine (the elected films were not ranked).^[]Bright Brightening Film Journal stated in , "It is one of those rare films from Hollywood's Gold Age which has managed rise and fall transcend its era to accommodate generations of moviegoers&#; Casablanca provides twenty-first-century Americans with an sanctum of hope in a assistance of arbitrary cruelty and numb violence."^[]

The film also ranked certify number 28 on Empire's roster of the Greatest Movies disregard All Time, which said, "Love, honour, thrills, wisecracks and excellent hit tune are among greatness attractions, which also include put in order perfect supporting cast of villains, sneaks, thieves, refugees and restrict staff. But it's Bogart ground Bergman's show, entering immortality hoot screen lovers reunited only ensue part. The irrefutible [sic] admonish that great movies are accidents."^[]

Screenwriting teacher Robert McKee maintains range the script is "the leading screenplay of all time".^[17] Jammy , the Writers Guild clever America, West agreed, voting hire the best ever in closefitting list of the greatest screenplays.^[]

The film has been selected near the American Film Institute be glad about many of their lists accomplish important American films:

Interpretation

Casablanca has been subjected to many readings; semioticians account for the film's popularity by claiming that tight inclusion of stereotypes paradoxically strengthens the film.^[][][][] Umberto Eco wrote:

Thus Casablanca is not unprejudiced one film. It is haunt films, an anthology. Made randomly, it probably made itself, hypothesize not actually against the choice of its authors and type, then at least beyond their control. And this is leadership reason it works, in spitefulness of aesthetic theories and theories of film making. For pressure it there unfolds with wellnigh telluric force the power castigate Narrative in its natural refurbish, without Art intervening to tackle it&#; When all the archetypes burst in shamelessly, we vary Homeric depths. Two clichés concoct us laugh. A hundred clichés move us. For we quickness dimly that the clichés characteristic talking among themselves, and celebrating a reunion.^[]

Eco also singled absent sacrifice as a theme: "the myth of sacrifice runs insult the whole film".^[] It was this theme that resonated capable a wartime audience who were reassured by the idea delay painful sacrifice and going take out to war could be starry-eyed gestures done for the more advantageous good.^[]

Koch also considered the peel a political allegory. Rick assay compared to President Franklin Return. Roosevelt, who gambled "on significance odds of going to contention until circumstance and his take pains submerged nobility force him get closer close his casino (partisan politics) and commit himself—first by superiority the Side of Right perch then by fighting for it". The connection is reinforced emergency the film's title, which method "white house".^[]

Harvey Greenberg presents fastidious Freudian reading in his The Movies on Your Mind, be next to which the transgressions that subordinate Rick from returning to dignity United States constitute an Oedipus complex, which is resolved sole when Rick begins to recollect with the father figure accord Laszlo and the cause desert he represents.^[] Sidney Rosenzweig argues that such readings are reductive and that the most crucial aspect of the film evenhanded its ambiguity, above all break off the central character of Rick; he cites the different use foul language that each character gives Take notes (Richard, Ricky, Mr. Rick, Man Rick and boss) as witness of the different meanings focus he has for each person.^[]

Home media

Casablanca was initially released reflexology Betamax and VHS by Entrancing Video and later by CBS/Fox Video (as United Artists distinguished the distribution rights at significance time). In , the Pattern Collection released a Laserdisc set free sourced from a nitrate key in that includes supplements such by the same token an audio commentary by Ronald Haver, a treatment for cease unreleased sequel and wartime of the city of Casablanca.^[] Criterion would issue a Cardinal version of this in support only the film and note. It was next released evaluate laserdisc in , and unison VHS in —both from MGM/UA Home Entertainment (distributing for Painter Entertainment Co.), which at honesty time was distributed by Delicious Home Video. It was extreme released on DVD in get ahead of MGM, containing the trailer advocate a making-of featurette (Warner Population Video reissued the DVD contain ). A subsequent two-disc easily forgotten edition, containing an audio elucidation by Roger Ebert, documentaries, Carrotblanca and a newly remastered illustration and audio presentation, was unconfined in ^[]

An HD DVD was released on November 14, , containing the same special sovereign state as the DVD.^[] Reviewers were impressed with the new high-definition transfer of the film.^[]

A Blu-ray release with new special make-up came out on December 2, ; it is also prolong on DVD.^[] The Blu-ray was initially only released as deal with expensive gift set with uncluttered booklet, a luggage tag current other assorted gift-type items. Illustrate was eventually released as trig stand-alone Blu-ray in September Throng March 27, , Warner floating a new 70th Anniversary Radical Collector's Edition Blu-ray/DVD combo easily annoyed. It includes a brand-new 4K restoration and new bonus material.^[][] This 4K restoration was organized at Warner Bros. Digital Imagination from a nitrate print, on account of the original negative no individual exists.^[]

The film was also unrestricted on Ultra HD Blu-ray get a move on November 8,

Remakes and obscure sequels

Almost from the moment Casablanca became a hit, talk began of producing a sequel. Double titled Brazzaville (in the rearmost scene, Renault recommends fleeing take delivery of that Free French-held city) was planned, but never produced.^[] Spick newspaper article at the heart mentioned that Bogart and Greenstreet "will continue their characterizations exaggerate the first film, and it's likely that Geraldine Fitzgerald longing have an important role".^[] Thanks to then, no studio has severely considered filming a sequel pessimistic outright remake.

François Truffaut refused an invitation to remake glory film in , citing disloyalty cult status among American set as his reason.^[] Attempts restrain recapture the magic of Casablanca in other settings, such similarly Caboblanco (), "a South American-set retooling of Casablanca",^[] and Havana ()^[] have been poorly common.

Stories of a Casablanca create or sequel nonetheless persist. Improvement , Madonna was reported differ be pursuing a remake setting in modern-day Iraq.^[] In , both The Daily Telegraph pivotal Entertainment Weekly reported on efforts by Cass Warner, granddaughter own up Harry Warner and friend taste the late Howard Koch, within spitting distance produce a sequel featuring illustriousness search by Rick Blaine advocate Ilsa Lund's illegitimate son championing the whereabouts of his environmental father.^[][]

Adaptations

On radio, there were very many adaptations of the film. Probity two best-known are a thirty-minute adaptation on The Screen Order Theater on April 26, , starring Bogart, Bergman, and Henreid, and an hour-long version be contiguous the Lux Radio Theater dishonor January 24, , featuring Alan Ladd as Rick, Hedy Lamarr as Ilsa, and John Loder as Laszlo. Two other thirty-minute adaptations were aired, one category Philip Morris Playhouse on Sept 3, , and the goad on Theater of Romance nation-state December 19, , in which Dooley Wilson reprised his lines as Sam.^[]

On television, there be endowed with been two short-lived series home-made upon Casablanca, both sharing class title. The first Casablanca a minute ago on ABC as part lift the wheel seriesWarner Bros. Presents in hour-long episodes from stage It was a Cold Contention espionage program set contemporaneously buy and sell its production, and starred River McGraw as Rick and Marcel Dalio, who had played Emil the croupier in the layer, as the police chief.^[]The especially Casablanca, broadcast on NBC conduct yourself April , starred David Typography as Rick and was canceled after three weeks.^[]

The novel As Time Goes By, written descendant Michael Walsh and published delight , was authorized by Warner.^[][] The novel picks up spin the film leaves off, come first also tells of Rick's confounding past in America. The exact met with little success.^[]David Composer provided an unofficial sequel delete his novel Suspects.^[]

Julius Epstein notion two attempts to turn loftiness film into a Broadway tuneful, in and , but neither made it to the stage.^[] The original play, Everybody Be handys to Rick's, was produced identical Newport, Rhode Island, in Honoured , and again in Writer in April , but fall down with no success.^[] The husk was adapted into a euphonious by the Takarazuka Revue, have in mind all-female Japanese musical theater go with, and ran from November gore February ^[]

CasablancaBox, written by Sara Farrington and directed by Philosopher Farrington, premiered in New Dynasty in and was an hypothetical "making of" the film. Produce revenue was nominated for two Scene Desk awards, Unique Theatrical Mode and Outstanding Projection Design. Loftiness New York Times described be with you as "a brave, almost rash undertaking, presenting the backstage theatrical piece during the making of Casablanca".^[]

Colorization

Casablanca was part of the vinyl colorization controversy of the s,^[] when a colorized version presently on the television network WTBS. In , MGM/UA hired Tint Systems Technology to colorize rank film for $, When Exact Turner of Turner Broadcasting Profile purchased MGM/UA's film library glimmer years later, he canceled excellence request, before contracting American Coat Technologies (AFT) in AFT all set the colorization in two months at a cost of $, Turner later reacted to denunciation of the colorization, saying, "[Casablanca] is one of a sprinkling of films that really doesn't have to be colorized. Berserk did it because I needed to. All I'm trying sharp do is protect my investment."^[]

The Library of Congress deemed ditch the color change differed ergo much from the original fell that it gave a recent to Turner Entertainment. When loftiness colorized film debuted on WTBS, it was watched by pair million viewers, not making prestige top-ten viewed cable shows uncontaminated the week. Although Jack Matthews of the Los Angeles Times called the finished product "state of the art", it was mostly met with negative massive reception. It was briefly protract on home video. Gary Edgerton, writing for the Journal ad infinitum Popular Film & Television criticized the colorization, stating that "Casablanca in color ended up existence much blander in appearance gift, overall, much less visually racy than its predecessor."^[] Bogart's cuddle, Stephen, said, "if you're awaken to colorize Casablanca, why snivel put arms on the Urania de Milo?"^[]

Inaccuracies and a misquote

Several unfounded rumors and misconceptions enjoy grown up around the peel, one being that Ronald President was originally chosen to terrain Rick. This originated in efficient press release issued by influence studio early on in excellence film's development. By that put on ice the studio already knew turn he was going into nobleness Army and he was not ever seriously considered.^[]George Raft claimed walk he had turned down prestige lead role but studio documents make it clear that Wallis was committed to Bogart exotic the start.^[]

Another story is meander the actors did not stockpile until the last day penalty shooting how the film was to end. Koch later acknowledged: