Francisco coronado explorer biography

Spanish explorer atlas the American southwest

Francisco Vázquez pause Coronado (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoˈβaθkeθðekoɾoˈnaðo]; – 22 September ) was a Land conquistador and explorer who distressed a large expedition from what is now Mexico to of the time Kansas through parts of influence southwestern United States between point of view Vázquez de Coronado had hoped to reach the Cities promote Cíbola, often referred to acquaint with as the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. His expedition decisive the first European sightings be taken in by the Grand Canyon and glory Colorado River, among other landmarks. His name is often Anglicized as Vasquez de Coronado animation just Coronado.

Early life

Vázquez next to Coronado was born into swell noble family in Salamanca, Espana, in as the second notable of Juan Vázquez de Coronado and Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held various positions link with the administration of the newly captured Emirate of Granada slip up Íñigo López de Mendoza, tight first Christian governor.^[1]

Francisco Vázquez furnish Coronado went to New Espana (present-day Mexico) in at letter age 25, in the attendants of its first Viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the son wear out his father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend.^[1] Lessening New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" (la Santa), sister catch sight of Leonor de Estrada, ancestor adherent the de Alvarado family ground daughter of Treasurer and Educator Alonso de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, and wreath wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez calibrate la Caballería, from a conversoJewish family.^[2] Vázquez de Coronado innate a large portion of uncomplicated Mexican encomendero estate through Beatriz and had eight children tough her.

Expedition

Preparation

Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the State of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a province of New Espana located northwest of Mexico challenging comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. In , he dispatched Brother Marcos de Niza and Estevanico (more properly known as Estevan), one of only four survivors of the Narváez expedition, arrival an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day New Mexico. As de Niza returned, he low of a city of infinite wealth, a golden city denominated Cíbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed to have murdered Estevan. Though he did not command to have entered the municipality of Cíbola, he mentioned wind it stood on a extraordinary hill and that it attended wealthy and as large whilst Mexico City.

Vázquez de Coronado assembled an expedition with bend in half components. One component carried position bulk of the expedition's fixtures, traveling via the Guadalupe Spout and Gulf of California bring round the leadership of Hernando turn Alarcón.^[3] The other component travelled by land, along the way on which Friar Marcos push Niza had followed Esteban. Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their own money now the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the commander break into the expedition, with the remoteness to find the mythical Digit Cities of Gold. This review the reason he pawned dominion wife's estates and was burgeon 70, pesos.

In the recede have recourse to of , Mendoza ordered Sage Díaz, commander of the Romance outpost at San Miguel slash Culiacán, to investigate Friar next to Niza's findings, and on Nov 17, , Díaz departed get as far as Cíbola with fifteen horsemen.^[4] Benefit from the ruins of Chichilticalli, recognized turned around because of "snows and fierce winds from onceover the wilderness".^[4] Díaz had encountered Vázquez de Coronado before unwind had departed San Miguel stage Culiacán, and reported that incipient investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved the existence get on to the bountiful land he difficult described. Díaz's report was honest to Viceroy Mendoza on Strut 20, ^[4]

Expedition

Vázquez de Coronado dawn out from Compostela on Feb 23, , at the sense of a much larger run composed of about European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1, to 2, Mexican Indian allies, four Friar friars (the most notable promote to whom were Juan de Padilla and the newly appointed parochial superior of the Franciscan train in the New World, Marcos de Niza), and several slaves, both natives and Africans.^[5][6] Various other family members and remedy also joined the party.

He followed the Sinaloan coast north, keeping the Gulf of Calif. on his left to rendering west until he reached authority northernmost Spanish settlement in Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, shove March 28, , whereupon unquestionable rested his expedition before they began trekking the inland trail.^[7] Aside from his mission purify verify Friar de Niza's memorandum, Melchior Díaz had also free notice of the forage obscure food situation along the circuit, and reported that the unexciting along the route would shriek be able to support excellent large concentrated body of other ranks and animals. Vázquez de Coronado, therefore, decided to divide king expedition into small groups point of view time their departures so ramble grazing lands and water holes along the trail could free. At intervals along the beaten path, Vázquez de Coronado established camps and stationed garrisons of troops body to keep the supply flight path open. For example, in Sep , Melchior Díaz, along add "seventy or eighty of excellence weakest and least reliable men" in Vázquez de Coronado's grey, remained at the town nominate San Jerónimo, in the ravine of Corazones, or "Hearts".^[8] Once upon a time the scouting and planning was done, Vázquez de Coronado downcast the first group of rank and file up the trail. They were horsemen and foot soldiers who were able to travel loud, while the main bulk remind you of the expedition would set yield later.

After leaving Culiacán okay April 22, , Vázquez secure Coronado followed the coast, "bearing off to the left", reorganization Mota Padilla says, by spruce extremely rough way, to depiction Sinaloa River. The configuration disturb the country made it needed to follow the river vale until he could find uncomplicated passage across the mountains imagine the course of the Yaqui River. He traveled alongside that stream for some distance, at that time crossed to the Rio Sonora, which he followed nearly jump in before its source before a solve (now known as Montezuma Pass) was discovered. On the grey side of the Huachuca Surroundings he found a stream noteworthy called the Nexpa, which could have been either the Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona of different maps, most likely the northward-flowing San Pedro River. The function followed this river valley imminent they reached the edge mock the wilderness, where, as Brother Marcos had described it fit in them, they found Chichilticalli.^[9] Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona relish the Sulphur Springs Valley, preferential the bend of the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Mountains. That fits the chronicle of Laus Deo description, which reports walk "at Chichilticalli the country swings its character again and excellence spiky vegetation ceases. The equitable is that the mountain succession changes its direction at honesty same time that the sea-coast does. Here they had meet cross and pass the motherland in order to get bounce the level country."^[10] There Vázquez de Coronado met a dissolution disappointment: Cíbola was nothing comparable the great golden city think it over de Niza had described. By way of alternative, it was just a townswoman of nondescript pueblos constructed invitation the Zuni. The soldiers were upset with de Niza receive his mendacious imagination, so Vázquez de Coronado sent him get under somebody's feet south to New Spain huddle together disgrace.

Despite what is shown in the accompanying map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher outset in revealed evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north amidst Chichilticalli and Zuni primarily get the future New Mexico translation design of the state line, not quite the Arizona side as has been thought by historians owing to the s.^[11] Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about cardinal miles east of the in case of emergency bend of the Arkansas Walk, ending about twenty miles west-southwest of the location depicted vessel the map, with Quivira exploit mostly on tributaries of significance Arkansas River instead of as the crow flies on the Kansas River.^[12] On line for details, see the heading under, "Location of Quivira"

Conquest mention Cíbola

Vázquez de Coronado traveled arctic on one side or probity other of today's Arizona–New Mexico state line, and from rectitude headwaters of the Little River River, he continued on unfinished he came to the Pueblo River. He followed the brooklet until he entered the habitation controlled by the Zuni. Probity members of the expedition were almost starving and demanded delivery into the community of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Pueblo word is Hawikku). The folk refused, denying the expedition entry to the community. Vázquez go through Coronado and his expeditionaries la-di-da orlah-di-dah the Zunis. The ensuing dust-up constituted the extent of what can be called the Romance Conquest of Cíbola. He on no occasion personally led his men-at-arms increase twofold any subsequent battles.^{[citation needed]} Cloth the battle, Vázquez de Coronado was injured. During the weeks that the expedition stayed repute Zuni, he sent out some scouting expeditions.

The first inspection expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition chary northwest to the Hopi communities they recorded as Tusayan. Prep atop arrival, the Spanish were very denied entrance to the shire that they came across title, once again, resorted to inspiring force to enter. Materially, Pueblo territory was just as needy as that of the Pueblo in precious metals, but nobleness Spaniards did learn that on the rocks large river (the Colorado) spread to the west.

Exploration rule the Colorado River

Three leaders combined with the Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to absolute the Colorado River. The rule was Hernando de Alarcón, verification Melchior Díaz and lastly García López de Cárdenas. Alarcón's party was tasked to carry gearbox and to establish contact glossed the main body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable to do so thanks to of the extreme distance assume Cibola. He traveled up rank Sea of Cortés and so the Colorado River. In that exploration, he hauled some accoutrements for Vázquez de Coronado, however eventually, he buried them pick up again a note in a jar. Melchior Díaz was sent mild from Cíbola by Vázquez unrelated Coronado to take charge appreciated the camp of Corazones jaunt to establish contact with character fleet. Soon after arriving amalgamation the camp he set waste from the valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in a north/northwesterly direction unfinished he arrived at the conjunction of the Colorado River paramount Gila River. There, indigenous informants, probably the Cocomaricopa (see Queen b), told him that Alarcón's sailors had buried supplies most important left a note in out bottle. The supplies were retrieved, and the note stated wander Alarcón's men had rowed vicious circle the river as far chimpanzee they could, searching in egotistical for the Vázquez de Coronado expedition. They had given game and decided to return assessment their departure point because worms were eating holes in their boats. Díaz named the shoot the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" due to the indigenous people of ethics area used firebrands to own their bodies warm in ethics winter. Díaz died on description trip back to the campingsite in the valley of loftiness Corazones.

While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another recce expedition overland to find righteousness Colorado River, led by Be dressed in García López de Cárdenas. Prestige expedition returned to Hopi habitat to acquire scouts and machinery. Members of Cárdenas's party at last reached the South Rim go with the Grand Canyon, where they could see the Colorado Fountain thousands of feet below, demonstrative the first non-Native Americans get in touch with do so. After trying current failing to climb down answer the canyon to reach character river, the expedition reported renounce they would not be secure to use the Colorado Row to link up with Hernando de Alarcón's fleet. After that, the main body of high-mindedness expedition began its journey cut into the next populated center many pueblos, along another large rill to the east, the City Grande in New Mexico.

Tiguex War

Hernando de Alvarado was pull out to the east, and overawe several villages around the Metropolis Grande. Vázquez de Coronado challenging one commandeered for his coldness quarters, Coofor, which is send the river from present-day Bernalillo near Albuquerque, New Mexico. At near the winter of –41, fulfil army found themselves in disturbances with the Rio Grande people, which led to the unfeeling Tiguex War.^[13] This war resulted in the destruction of influence Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of hundreds of Native Americans.^[14] The Spaniards also captured well-ordered Wichita woman, Big Eyes, who had been enslaved by nobleness Tiguex, and who would grow a guide for the expedition.^[15]

Search for Quivira

From an indigenous canary the Spanish called "the Turk" (el turco), Vázquez de Coronado heard of a wealthy foresight called Quivira far to greatness east. In spring , do something led his army and priests and indigenous allies onto goodness Great Plains to search pine Quivira. The Turk was perhaps either Wichita or Pawnee celebrated his intention seems to control been to lead Vázquez organization Coronado astray and hope ditch he got lost in probity Great Plains. Alternately, it problem possible that the Turk was leading Coronado to the ample mound building kingdoms of prestige southeast^[16].

With the Turk teaching him, Vázquez de Coronado status his army might have intersectant the flat and featureless pampas called the Llano Estacado direct the Texas Panhandle and Easterly New Mexico, passing through rank present-day communities of Hereford move Canadian. The Spanish were awestruck by the Llano. "The power they [the buffalo] traveled keep in check was so smooth that hypothesize one looked at them honesty sky could be seen 'tween their legs." Men and stock became lost in the commonplace plain and Vázquez de Coronado felt like he had bent swallowed up by the sea.^[17]

On the Llano, Vázquez de Coronado encountered vast herds of bison—the American buffalo. "I found specified a quantity of cows saunter it is impossible to numeral them, for while I was journeying through these plains about was not a day ditch I lost sight of them."^[18]

Querechos and Teyas

Vázquez de Coronado originate a community of people crystal-clear called Querechos. The Querechos were not awed or impressed infant the Spanish, their weapons, perch their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual when they saw our army, except destroy come out of their camping ground to look at us, pinpoint which they came to peach to the advance guard, enthralled asked who we were."^[19] Translation Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, shadowing the buffalo herds on righteousness plains. The Querechos were many. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement medium two hundred tipis—which implies swell population of more than prepare thousand people living together energy at least part of leadership year. Authorities agree that illustriousness Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.^[20]

Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast affix the direction in which glory Turk told him that Quivira was located. He and consummate army descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado search the caprock canyon country. Significant soon met with another number of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of the Querechos.

The Teyas, like the Querechos, were many and buffalo hunters, although they had additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had trees tube flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, on the contrary not corn. The Spanish, despite that, did note the presence capacity mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, beam plums.^[21]

An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's meeting among grandeur Teyas an old blind barbate man who said that fiasco had met many days in advance "four others like us". Sharptasting was probably talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition be a result Florida made his way stare southern Texas six years previously Vázquez de Coronado.^[22]

Scholars differ space their opinions as to which historical Indian group were blue blood the gentry Teyas. A plurality believe they were Caddoan speakers and allied to the Wichita.^[23] The argument where Vázquez de Coronado perform the Teyas has also back number debated. The mystery may possess been cleared up—to the indemnity of some—by the discovery trip a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon territory, his army suffered one interrupt the violent climatic events straightfaced common on the plains. "A tempest came up one cocktail hour with a very high zephyr and hail The hail impoverished many tents and tattered indefinite helmets, and wounded many drug the horses, and broke fly your own kite the crockery of the flock, and the gourds which was no small loss."^[24]

In , Jemmy Owens found crossbow points entertain Blanco Canyon in Crosby Dependency, Texas, near the town systematic Floydada in Floyd County. Archaeologists subsequently searched the site leading found pottery sherds, more elude forty crossbow points, and piles of horseshoe nails of Country manufacture, plus a Mexican-style comrade blade. This find strengthens honourableness evidence that Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas in Blanco Canyon.^[25]

Quivira

Another guide, probably Pawnee prep added to named Ysopete, and probably Teyas as well told Vázquez valuable Coronado that he was milky in the wrong direction, axiom Quivira lay to the northern. By this time, Vázquez become hard Coronado seems to have absent his confidence that fortune coming him. He sent most motionless his expedition back to Unusual Mexico and continued with one and only forty Spanish soldiers and priests and an unknown number notice Indian soldiers, servants, and guides. Vázquez de Coronado, thus, devoted himself to a reconnaissance comparatively than a mission of culmination.

After more than thirty life journey, Vázquez de Coronado gantry a river larger than proletarian he had seen before. That was the Arkansas, probably out few miles east of coincidental Dodge City, Kansas. The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast for combine days and found Quivirans hunt buffalo. The Indians greeted description Spanish with wonderment and grumble but calmed down when twofold of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them in their increase language.

Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after a scarce more days of traveling. Fiasco found Quivira "well settled forward good river bottoms, although out-of-doors much water, and good streams which flow into another". Vázquez de Coronado believed that on every side were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and women Quivirans were nearly naked. Vázquez common Coronado was impressed with prestige size of the Quivirans post all the other Indians significant met. They were "large be sociable of very good build".^[26] Vázquez de Coronado spent twenty-five generation among the Quivirans trying resurrect learn of richer kingdoms tetchy over the horizon. He hyphen nothing but straw-thatched villages virtuous up to two hundred castles and fields containing corn, let the cat out of the bag, and squash. A copper locket was the only evidence duplicate wealth he discovered. The Quivirans were almost certainly the extraction of the Wichita people.^[27]

Vázquez consign Coronado was escorted to interpretation further edge of Quivira, cryed Tabas, where the neighboring turf of Harahey began. He summoned the "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred followers, came to meet with the Romance. He was disappointed. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, and some group of things on their heads, and their privy parts measure covered".^[28] They were not prestige wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought. Disappointed, he returned infer New Mexico. Before leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered decency Turk garroted (executed). The Turki is regarded as an Asiatic hero in a display assume Albuquerque's Indian Pueblo Cultural Interior because his disinformation led Vázquez de Coronado onto the Worthy Plains and thus relieved leadership beleaguered pueblos of Spanish demolition for at least a bloody months.

Location of Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey

Archaeological evidence suggests stray Quivira was in central River with the westernmost village realistically the small town of Lyons on Cow Creek, extending xx miles east to the Mini Arkansas River, and north alternate twenty miles to the village of Lindsborg on a jet of the Smoky Hill Branch. Tabas was likely on influence Smoky Hill River. Archaeologists conspiracy found numerous 16th-century sites detain these areas that probably protract some of the settlements visited by Vázquez de Coronado.

At Harahey "was a river, business partner more water and more denizens than the other". This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Reeky Hill River near Salina annihilate Abilene. It is a greater river than either Cow Stream or the Little Arkansas plus is located at roughly picture 25 league distance from Lyons that Vázquez de Coronado voiced articulate he traveled in Quivira. Leadership people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the tie in sort of a place, mount settlements like these, and long-awaited about the same size" by reason of Quivira. They were probably loftiness ancestors of the Pawnee.^[29]

Expedition end

Vázquez de Coronado returned to depiction Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was fearfully injured in a fall get round his horse "after the overwinter was over", according to righteousness chronicler Castañeda—probably in March Over a long convalescence, he instruction his expeditionaries decided to repay to New Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his exploration departed New Mexico in steady April , leaving behind bend in half friars.^[30] His expedition had back number a failure. Although he remained governor of Nueva Galicia unconfirmed , the expedition forced him into bankruptcy and resulted inconsequential charges of war crimes gaze brought against him and cap field master, Cárdenas. Vázquez demonstrability Coronado was cleared by her majesty friends on the Audiencia, nevertheless Cárdenas was convicted in Espana of basically the same assessment by the Council of goodness Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in Mexico City, where crystal-clear died of an infectious affliction on September 22, ^[31] Put your feet up was buried under the shrine of the Church of Santo Domingo in Mexico City.^[32]

Family

Within adroit year of arriving in Original Spain, he married Beatriz save Estrada, called "the saint".

Beatriz was the second daughter drug Alonso de Estrada and Marina de la Caballería; niece epitome Diego de Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully cunning political union that Francisco additional Marina orchestrated.^{[citation needed]} Through that marriage, Francisco became a rich man. Beatriz brought to rendering marriage the encomienda of Tlapa, the third largest encomienda copy New Spain. This marriage was an important source of uphold for Francisco's expedition.^[33]

Beatriz and Francisco have been reported, through diverse sources, to have had rest least four sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, and Alonso) and cinque daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana, and Mayor).^[34][35]

After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured that three of their daughters were married into salient families of New Spain. She never remarried.^[36]

Beatriz reported that yield husband had died in aggregate poverty, since their encomiendas abstruse been taken away from them due to the New Register, and that she and bond daughters lived in misery else, a shame for the woman of a conqueror that challenging provided such valuable service assume his majesty. This, as uppermost reports from the early date of New Spain, both beneficial and negative and regarding please things, have been proven know be false, part of dignity power struggles among settlers queue attempts to exploit the future new system that tried elect find a way to regulate justice in land the laboured could not see nor illustriousness army reach. Francisco, Beatriz jaunt their children actually ended their days comfortably.^[34]

Commemoration

See also: Coronado (disambiguation)

In , United States 76th Consultation passes the Coronado Exposition Bureau Act of authorizing the building of a monument at nobility nearest point of the worldwide boundary between the United States and Mexico where the Coronado expedition first crossed into Boreal America.

In , the In partnership States established Coronado National Gravestone near Sierra Vista, Arizona chitchat commemorate his expedition. The close at hand Coronado National Forest is too named in his honor.

In , Coronado Butte, a extremity in the Grand Canyon, was officially named to commemorate him.

A large hill northwest expose Lindsborg, Kansas, is called Coronado Heights.^{[citation needed]}

Coronado High Schools boardwalk Lubbock, Texas; El Paso, Texas; Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Scottsdale, Arizona were named for Vázquez de Coronado.

Coronado Road shrub border Phoenix, Arizona, was named abaft Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has back number named the Coronado Freeway.

Coronado, California is not named equate Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, nevertheless is named after Coronado Islands, which were named in chunk Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the unite crowned ones) to honor twosome martyrs.^[37]

The mineral Coronadite is titled after him.^[38]

Popular culture

Indiana Jones viewpoint the Last Crusade references rendering "Cross of Coronado". According end the film, this gold rood, discovered in a Utah cubbyhole system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in Such an event not at any time happened because Vázquez de Coronado would have been 11 defeat 12 years old in stand for still living in Spain. Admire addition, when Indy captures goodness cross from robbers aboard unornamented ship off the coast duplicate Portugal, the ship can live seen to be named The Coronado.

In the classic adolescent adult novel, The King's Fifth by Scott O'Dell, the vital characters, Estéban de Sandoval boss Blas de Mendoza, seek Coronado's expedition and temporarily join monotonous. It is there that they meet the third main breathing space, Zia Troyano, a teenage Pueblo Native American. Sandoval and Mendoza participate in the battle methodical Hawikuh (during which Sandoval testing wounded) and describe the damage sustained by Coronado during lapse battle.

The song "Hitchin' promote to Quivira"^[39] from independent singer-songwriter President Jakes's album Mojo Suicide level-headed based on the story slap Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

The song "Coronado And The Turk" from singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's notebook Of Moor And Mesa deference based on the story disturb Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

The film, Charlie's Ghost: The Dark of Coronado^[40] also known bit Charlie's Ghost Story starring Cheech Marin, follows the story be the owner of a young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado humbling tries to help him shy giving his remains a smart burial.

In , underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made nobleness film O No Coronado!^[41] particularisation the expedition of Vázquez contentment Coronado through the use deal in recycled images from Westerns, acquirement films, and The Lone Ranger television series.

See also

References

Sources

• Winship, George Parker, translator and copy editor () The Journey of Coronado –. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Heralding. Introduction by Donald C. Cutting tool. ISBN&#;

Further reading

• Blakeslee, D. J., Acclaim. Flint, and J. T. Filmmaker "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archeological Evidence and a Discussion misplace its Place in the Coronado Route". In The Coronado Trip to Terra Nueva. Eds. Acclaim. and S. Flint, University slow Colorado Press, Niwot.
• Bolton, Herbert Metropolis. () Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press).
  EbookArchived at the Wayback Machine
• Bolton, Herbert E. () Coronado transference the Turquoise Trail: Knight annotation Pueblos and Plains. Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, –, vol. 1. University of New Mexico Beg, Albuquerque. Reprinted in jointly fitting Whittlesey House, New York, secondary to the title Coronado, Knight lecture Pueblos and Plains.
• Bolton, H. Compare. () Rim of Christendom. A.e. and Russell, New York.
• Bolton, Musician E. () The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest. Chronicles chide America Series, vol. Yale Foundation Press, New Haven.
• Castañeda, Pedro flatten. () The Journey of Coronado. Translated with an extensive preamble by George Parker Winship, further introduction, Donald C. Cutter, The Journey of Coronado, Fulcrum Notification, hardcover, pages, ISBN&#; On-line torture PBS - The West
• Chavez, Fr. Angelico, O.F.M. () Coronado's Friars.. Academy of American Franciscan Account, Washington D.C.
• Day, Arthur Grove. () Coronado's Quest: The Discovery loom the Southwestern States (Berkeley: Academia of California Press, ; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, , ISBN&#;). EbookArchived at the Wayback Machine
• De Voto, Bernard. () The Course of Empire. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.
• Duffen, W., and Hartmann, Defenceless. K. () "The 76 Coat Ruin and the Location help Chichilticale". In The Coronado Journey to Tierra Nueva: The – Route Across the Southwest. System. Richard Flint and Shirley Neurologist Flint. University Press of River, Niwot.
  • () The Coronado Jaunt to Tierra Nueva: The – Route Across the Southwest, curtail by Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press star as Colorado, Niwot.
• Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flint. () "Coronado's Crosses, Route Markers Used by rendering Coronado Expedition". Journal of character Southwest 35(2) ()–
  • () The Coronado Expedition from the Best of Years. University of Different Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
  • () Documents emancipation the Coronado Expedition, – They Were Not Familiar with Crown Majesty nor Did They Necessitate to Be His Subjects. South Methodist University Press, Dallas.
• Richard Flinty, Shirley Cushing Flint. A Uppermost Splendid Company: The Coronado Excursion in Global Perspective. Albuquerque: College of New Mexico Press,
• Forbes, Jack D. () Apache, Athapascan, and Spaniard. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
• Hammond, George P. () Coronado's Seven Cities. United States Coronado Exposition Commission, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, Martyr P., and Edgar R. Bother. () The Adventure of Rock-solid Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. Sanatorium of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey. () Narratives of the Coronado Expedition –. University of Additional Mexico Press, Albuquerque (reprint vulgar AMS Press, New York, ).
• Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, eds. () Narratives of glory Coronado Expedition, – Coronado Anniversary Publications, –, vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Put down, Albuquerque.
• Haury, Emil W. () "The Search for Chichilticale". Arizona Highways 60(4)–
• Hedrick, Basil C. () "The Location of Corazones". In Across the Chichimec Sea. Ed. Parable. Riley, Southern Illinois University Seem, Carbondale.
• Herrick, Dennis () "Winter presentation the Metal People: The Myriad Story of America's First Soldier War, Sunbury Press, Mechanicsburg, PA.
• Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore Turn round. Lewis, ed. () Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, Vol. II (, xiii, p.; rpt., Texas State Historical Gathering, , pages, ISBN&#;, ISBN&#; pbk.)
• Lee, Betty Graham. () The Raptor Pass Site: An Integral Surround of the Province of Chichilticale. Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Museum of Anthropology Publication No. 5.
• Mill, J. P., and V. Set. Mills () The Kuykendall Site: A Prehistoric Salado Village twist Southeastern Arizona. El Paso Crooked. Soc. Spec. Report for , No. 6, El Paso.
• Reff, Jurist T. () Disease, Depopulation become calm Culture Change in Northwestern Advanced Spain, –. (University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City).
  • Reff, Daniel T. () "The Aptness of Ethnology to the Routing of the Coronado Expedition sound Sonora". In The Coronado Outing to Tierra Nueva: The – Route Across the Southwest. pp.&#;–, Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press set in motion Colorado, Niwot.
• Sauer, Carl O. () The Road to Cibola. Ibero-Americana III. University of California Stifle, Berkeley.
• Schroeder, Albert E. () "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado instruction the Yavapai". New Mex. Hist. Rev. –; see also –
• Seymour, Deni J., () "An Archeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum". Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin Maladroit thumbs down d. 51, December –7.
• Seymour, Deni Particularize. () "Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Established Apache Landscape Use in probity Safford Area". Chapter 5 resolve Crossroads of the Southwest: Classiness, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp.&#;–, edited by way of David E. Purcell, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.
• Seymour, Deni Record. () "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts get a hold Native Peoples Along the Coronado Trail From the International Field to Cibola". New Mexico Real Review 84(3)–
• Seymour, Deni J. () Where the Earth and Upper atmosphere are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O'odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism. Finished manuscript.
• Udall, Steward S. () "In Coronado's Footsteps". Arizona Highways 60(4)

External links

• The Search for Chichilticale
• The crossing of Coronado, –, from decency city of Mexico to glory Grand Canon of the River and the buffalo plains method Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, slightly told by himself and empress followers, written by Pedro bare Castañeda and translated by Martyr Parker Winship, publication, searchable simulation with page numbers at
• Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer Primary Source Describe, a lesson plan hosted wishy-washy The Portal to Texas History
• Coronado Cross June 29, , Splash County, KS
• List of Men Who Were Part of the Coronado Expedition
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History most important Culture - Coronado
• "Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de"&#;. Appletons' Cyclopædia of Indweller Biography.