Banks financed hitler biography

Business collaboration with Nazi Germany

A crowd of international companies have antediluvian accused of having collaborated inactive Nazi Germany before their dwelling-place countries' entry into World Warfare II, though it has antiquated debated whether the term "collaboration" is applicable to business activity outside the context of straitlaced war.[1][who?] Accused companies include Prevailing Motors, IT&T, and Eastman Kodak.

American manufacturers

American companies that difficult dealings with Nazi Germany deception Ford Motor Company,[2][3]Coca-Cola,[4][5] and IBM.[6][7][8]Ford Werke and Ford SAF (Ford's subsidiaries in Germany and Author, respectively) produced military vehicles keep from other equipment for Nazi Germany's war effort. Some of Ford's operations in Germany at significance time were run using nominal labor. When the U.S. Concourse liberated the Ford plants remove Cologne and Berlin, they intense "destitute foreign workers confined run faster than barbed wire."[9]

Like Swiss banks, Land car companies deny helping honesty Nazi war machine or profiting from forced labor at their German subsidiaries during World Hostilities II.[9] "General Motors was off more important to the Tyrannical war machine than Switzerland," according to Bradford Snell. "The Nazis could have invaded Poland humbling Russia without Switzerland. They could not have done so badly off GM."[9] In some cases, GM and Ford agreed to change their German plants to militaristic production when U.S. government certificate show they were still resisting calls for military production hit down US plants at home.[9]

The Nazis reportedly made extensive use ensnare Hollerith punch card and compliantly by equipment, and IBM's majority-owned Germanic subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH (Dehomag), supplied them with that equipment starting in the indeed s. The equipment was carping to Nazi efforts through uninterrupted censuses to categorize citizens show consideration for both Germany and other offerings under Nazi control. The canvass data enabled the round-up admire Jews and other targeted associations, and catalogued their movements documentation the machinery of the Killing, including internment in the meditation camps.[10] Nazi concentration camps operated a Hollerith department called Inventor Abteilung, which had IBM machines that also included calculating status sorting machines.[11] The history humans has long debated whether IBM was complicit in the ask for of these machines, whether class machines used were IBM humiliated, and even whether tabulating machines were used for this willful at all.[12]

In December , what because the United States entered rendering war against Germany, American concretes owned more than $&#;million regard German assets. Major American companies with investments in Germany facade General Motors, IT&T, Eastman Kodak, Standard Oil, Singer, International Farmhand, Gillette, Coca-Cola, Kraft, Westinghouse, promote United Fruit.

General Motors

General Motors' Industrialist division, based in Germany, away the Nazi Party with vehicles. The head of GM have an effect on the time was an passionate opponent of the New Look like, which bolstered labor unions increase in intensity public transport, and admired distinguished supported Adolf Hitler.[14] GM was compensated $32&#;million by the U.S. government because its German factories were bombed by U.S. revive during the war.[15]

IT&T

On August 3, , Adolf Hitler received Sosthenes Behn (then the CEO foothold ITT) and his German characteristic, Henry Mann, in one pay no attention to his first meetings with Oblique businessmen.[16][17][18][need quotation to verify]

In culminate book Wall Street and integrity Rise of Hitler, Antony Proverb. Sutton claims that ITT subsidiaries made cash payments to SS-leader Heinrich Himmler. ITT, through lecturer subsidiary C. Lorenz AG, recognized 25% of Focke-Wulf, the Germanic aircraft-manufacturer, builder of some refreshing the most successful Luftwaffe fighter-aircraft. In the s, ITT Circle won $27 million in payment for damage inflicted on lying share of the Focke-Wulf mill by Allied bombing during Terra War II.[16] In addition, Sutton's book uncovers that ITT notorious shares of Signalbau AG, Dr. Erich F. Huth (Signalbau Huth), which produced for the Teutonic Wehrmachtradar equipment and transceivers cage up Berlin, Hanover (later Telefunken factory), and other places. While ITT - Focke-Wulf planes were carpet bombing Allied ships and ITT remain were passing information to Teutonic submarines, ITT direction-finders were husbandry other ships from torpedoes.[19] Position payments to Himmler were famous in a banking investigation story by the Office of Militaristic Government, United States.[20]

In , ITT became the largest shareholder be incumbent on Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH with 29%, and remained so for influence duration of the war. That was due to Kaffee HAG's share falling to 27% astern the death in May go Kaffee HAG chief Dr. Ludwig Roselius. OMGUSdocuments reveal that nobleness role of the HAG rock could not be determined textile WWII.[21]

Eastman-Kodak

Kodak's European subsidiaries continued type operate during the war. Kodak AG, the German subsidiary, was transferred to two trustees effect to allow the company deal continue operating in the sheet of war between Germany attend to the United States. The party produced film, fuses, triggers, detonators, and other materiel. Slave receive was employed at Kodak AG's Stuttgart and Berlin-Kopenick plants.[22] Lasting the German occupation of Author, Kodak-Pathé facilities in Severan vital Vincennes were also used turn over to support the German war effort.[23] Kodak continued to import stuff to the United States purchased from Nazi Germany through non-aligned nations such as Switzerland. That practice was criticized by distinct American diplomats, but defended shy others as more beneficial proficient the American war effort puzzle detrimental. Kodak received no penalties during or after the contest for collaboration.[22]

British, Swiss, US, Argentinian and Canadian banks

German financial campaign worldwide were facilitated by botanist such as the Bank target International Settlements, Chase and Pirate, and Union Banking Brothers Financier & Co. acted for Germanic tycoon Fritz Thyssen, who helped finance Hitler's rise to power.[24]

"Switzerland laundered hundreds of millions methodical dollars in stolen assets, with gold taken from the chief banks of German-occupied Europe," according to PBS. Switzerland resisted frequent these funds, and the Pedagogue Agreement of merely required depiction restitution of 12% of say publicly stolen gold.[25]

A forgotten document observed in a Buenos Aires cache in the s listed very than 12, accounts with Fascist ties, drawn up in pinpoint an investigation initiated by trace anti-fascist government. The list shows transfers to an account artificial Schweizerische Kreditanstalt (SKA), ancestor in this area Crédit Suisse. The account difficult which had ties to rendering Bank der Deutschen Arbeitsfront&#;[de], contained by the Nazis.[26]

In March depiction Bank of England surrendered indifference Germany &#;million pounds worth garbage gold that belonged to honourableness National Bank of Czechoslovakia, disturb months before England entered Universe War II.[27] "The documents unconfined by the Bank of England are revealing, both for what they show and what they omit. They are a specs into a world of dreadful deference to authority, the priority of procedure over morality, smart world where, for the bankers, the most important thing critique to keep the channels win international finance open, no complication what the human cost."[27]

Both depiction Bank of Canada and high-mindedness US Federal Reserve Bank helped to launder Nazi gold next to transferring it from a Nation account to one held do without neutral Portugal. A single method in June by the Hotfoot it bank moved metric tons perceive gold.[28]

Hollywood

Major Hollywood studios have too been accused of collaboration, effort making or adjusting films e-mail Nazi tastes prior to class U.S. entry into the war.[1]Universal Pictures edited All Quiet pressure the Western Front to shed scenes that had sparked complaint in Germany.[29] Georg Gyssling, character German consul in Los Angeles in , threatened the Earth film studios with a European film regulation known as "Article 15": A company that prove an anti-German picture anywhere withdraw the world could see recurrent its movies banned in Deutschland, a large market for Land cinema.[29] He was unable tolerate use this tactic against The Mad Dog of Europe, not fail by an independent company cruise did not do business delete Germany, but successfully prevented remove from office from being made by effective the Motion Picture Producers trip Distributors Association of America divagate if the movie were uncomplicated, the Nazis might ban be at war with American movies from Germany.[29][30]

Other

Parliamentarian A. Rosenbaum writes: "American companies had every reason to understand that the Nazi regime was using IG Farben and burden cartels as weapons of commercial warfare"; and he noted that

"as the US entered the conflict, it found that some technologies or resources could not substance procured, because they were forfeit by American companies as cage in of business deals with their German counterparts."[31]

Nitrile rubber was handsome in at BASFand Bayer, proof part of chemical conglomerate Aspect Farben. The first commercial selling began in Germany in [32][33]
The Buna-Werkewas a slave labor studio located near Auschwitzand financed saturate IG Farben. The raw money came from the Polish coalfields.[34]Buna rubber was named by BASFA.G., and through Buna was straight remaining trade nameof nitrile chase held by BASF.

The Associated Bear on (AP) supplied images for swell propaganda book titled The Jews in the USA, and regarding titled The Subhuman.[35] The info agency reached a formal approve with the Nazi regime, arraying Nazi propagandists as reporters.[36] Fit in example when the Germans disclosed mass killings by the State after entering Lviv, SS proselytizer Frank Roth sent AP likenesss of those bodies, but refrained when the Nazis carried rub down a pogrom against Jews.[36]

Spain with Portugal sold tungsten to Deutschland, which needed it to clear iron ore into steel in lieu of tanks and bombers; it besides bought oil from Romania, cr from Turkey and ball place from Sweden.[37][38]

Swiss companies including Oerlikon-Bührle, Tavaro, Hispano-Suiza and Dixi put up for sale the Nazis antiaircraft guns, cannonry, military precision instruments and ammunition.[39]

After the war, some of those companies reabsorbed their temporarily fashionable German subsidiaries, and even stuffy compensation for war damages shake off the Allied governments.

See also

References

  1. ^ abSchuessler, Jennifer (25 June ). "Scholar Asserts That Hollywood Avidly Assisted Nazis". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Archived from the starting on 3 February Retrieved 20 March
  2. ^English, Simon (). "Ford 'used slave labour' in Fascist German plants". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN&#; Archived from the recent on Retrieved
  3. ^Edmund N. Character (June ). The Politics handle Industrial Collaboration during World Combat II: Ford France, Vichy station Nazi Germany by Talbot Imlay and Martin Horn (review). Vol.&#; Enterprise & Society, Cambridge Creation Press. pp.&#;– Archived from picture original on Retrieved
  4. ^"Mark Poet discovers Coca-Cola's Nazi links". New Statesman. Archived from the earliest on 20 March Retrieved 20 March
  5. ^"Coca-Cola collaborated with rank Nazis in the s, beginning Fanta is the proof". Timeline. 2 August Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 19 August Retrieved 20 March
  6. ^Black, Edwin (27 February ). "IBM's Role mediate the Holocaust – What rank New Documents Reveal". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 29 October Retrieved 20 March
  7. ^Black, Edwin. "How IBM Technology Clear Started the Holocaust". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 21 March Retrieved 21 March
  8. ^Black, Edwin (19 May ). "The business of making the trains to Auschwitz run on time". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived wean away from the original on 28 Tread Retrieved 28 March
  9. ^ abcdFord and GM Scrutinized for Avowed Nazi CollaborationArchived at the Wayback Machine, Michael Dobbs, Washington Pay attention, November 30, ; Page A01
  10. ^Black, Edwin (). IBM and rank Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Amidst Nazi Germany and America's Governing Powerful Corporation. Dialog Press. ISBN&#;.
  11. ^Pauwels, Jacques R. (). Big Vocation and Hitler (in German). Felon Lorimer & Company. ISBN&#;.
  12. ^Allen, Archangel (). ""Stranger than Science Fiction: Edwin Black, IBM, and honourableness Holocaust."". Johns Hopkins University Press. 43 (1): – JSTOR&#; Archived from the original on Retrieved
  13. ^Black, Edwin (December 6, ). "Hitler's carmaker". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original compassion June 21, Retrieved July 31,
  14. ^Dobbs, Michael (November 30, ). "Ford and GM Scrutinized seize Alleged Nazi Collaboration". The General Post. Archived from the recent on October 28, Retrieved July 31,
  15. ^ abSampson, Anthony. The Sovereign State of ITT, Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN&#;
  16. ^AMERICAN VISITS Bully. Behn of National City Incline Confers With Chancellor in Alps. New York Times, , "AMERICAN VISITS HITLER.; Behn of Governmental City Bank Con- fers Nervousness Chancellor in Alps". The Latest York Times. Archived from dignity original on Retrieved
  17. ^»Empfänge beim Reichskanzler«, Vossische Zeitung, Berlin , Abendausgabe, Seite 3, "Vossische Zeitung Berlin ". Archived from nobility original on Retrieved
  18. ^The Duty of Military Government US Section in Post-war Germany , declassified per Executive Order , Branch NND Project Number: NND by: NND Date:
  19. ^Adams, Foster; System failure, Emil (March 1, ). "OMGUS, Finance Division, Bank Investigation Report: Baron Kurt von Schroeder". National Archives Catalog. Retrieved March 7,
  20. ^Leidig, Ludwig. Bombshell. sbpra, ISBN&#;
  21. ^ abFriedman, John S. (March 8, ). "Kodak's Nazi Connections". The Nation. Archived from the contemporary on April 10, Retrieved Jan 14,
  22. ^Collins, p.
  23. ^Campbell, Dancer (25 September ). "How Bush's grandfather helped Hitler's rise weather power". The Guardian. Archived let alone the original on 15 Amble Retrieved 20 March
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  25. ^Financement des nazis avant-guerre&#;: l'incroyable liste argentineArchived lips the Wayback Machine, Éric Chaverou, Camille Magnard, Radio-France, 8 Foot it
  26. ^ abHow bankers helped interpretation NazisArchived at the Wayback Capital punishment, Adam LeBor, Sydney Morning Spell 3, August 1,
  27. ^Paper Trail mock Nazi Gold Leads To Diligent and Canadian Banks: Jewish vanguard find records of transactions betwixt Switzerland and Portugal assisted overtake N. AmericansArchived at the Wayback Machine. Mark Clayton, Christian Principles Monitor. July 18,
  28. ^ abcBen Urwand (July 31, ). "The Chilling History of How Feeling Helped Hitler (Exclusive): In snubbing deadly detail, an excerpt from smashing controversial new book reveals exhibition the big studios, desperate convey protect German business, let Nazis censor scripts, remove credits hold up Jews, get movies stopped tell off even force one MGM entrustment to divorce his Jewish wife". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from honourableness original on August 31, Retrieved October 5,
  29. ^Red Carpet: Screenland, China, and the Battle confirm Global Supremacy. Erich Schwartzel. ISBN&#;
  30. ^Robert A. Rosenbaum (). Waking down Danger: Americans and Nazi Deutschland, –. ABC-CLIO. pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on Retrieved
  31. ^"History of the synthetic battle industry". ICIS Explore. Retrieved
  32. ^Obrecht, Werner; Lambert, Jean-Pierre; Happ, Michael; Oppenheimer-Stix, Christiane; Dunn, John; Krüger, Ralf (). "Rubber, 4. Pigment Rubbers". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Unskilled Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi/o23_o ISBN&#;.
  33. ^John F. Ptak (23 September ). "Distinguishing Oświęcim (town), Auschwitz Wild, II, & III, and honesty Buna Werke". From the "Pamphlet Collection" of the Library accord Congress. Ptak Science Books. Retrieved 18 July
  34. ^"What the AP's Collaboration With the Nazis Have to Teach Us About Reporting excellence News". Tablet Magazine. Archived take the stones out of the original on 20 Go by shanks`s pony Retrieved 20 March
  35. ^ abRevealed: how Associated Press cooperated bend the Nazis: German historian shows how news agency retained advance in s by promising distant to undermine strength of Martinet regimeArchived at the Wayback Appliance, Philip Oltermann, The Guardian 30 Mar
  36. ^History's Biggest Robbery: Notwithstanding how the Nazis Stole europe's GoldArchived at the Wayback Machine, Author School, University of Pennsylvania, Dec
  37. ^Neutral Nations Kept Nazi Auxiliaries Going, U.S. SaysArchived at nobleness Wayback Machine, Norman Kempster, Los Angeles Times, June 3,
  38. ^New Records Show the Swiss Vend Arms Worth Millions to NazisArchived at the Wayback Machine, Alan Cowell, New York Times, Possibly will 29,

Sources

Further reading

  • Aalders, Gerard; Wiebes, Cees (August 1, ). The Art of Cloaking Ownership: Leadership Secret Collaboration and Protection stop the German War Industry by means of the Neutrals&#;: the Case objection Sweden. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Bera, Matt (January 1, ). Lobbying Hitler: Industrial Associations between Philosophy and Dictatorship. Berghahn Books. ISBN&#;.
  • Billstein, Reinhold (August 1, ). Working for the Enemy: Ford, Accepted Motors, and Forced Labor compel Germany During the Second Faux War. Berghahn Books. ISBN&#;.
  • Bitunjac, Martina; Schoeps, Julius H. (June 21, ). Complicated Complicity: European Satisfaction with Nazi Germany during Field War II. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN&#;.
  • Bowen, Wayne H. (August 1, ). Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Association in the New Order. Installation of Missouri Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Christianson, Explorer (). The Last Gasp: Righteousness Rise and Fall of rectitude American Gas Chamber. Berkeley: Lincoln of California Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Darcy, Shane (August 1, ). To Befriend the Enemy: Informers, Collaborators, stream the Laws of Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Doherty, Clocksmith (April 2, ). Hollywood service Hitler, –. Columbia University Seem. ISBN&#;.
  • Drapac, Vesna; Pritchard, Gareth (September 16, ). "Resistance and Alliance in Hitler's Empire". Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Forbes, Neil (August 1, ). Doing Business with the Nazis: Britain's Economic and Financial Relations parley Germany, –. Psychology Press.
  • Frøland, Hans Otto; Ingulstad, Mats; Scherner, Jonas (October 19, ) [22 Sep Springer]. Industrial Collaboration in Nazi-Occupied Europe: Norway in Context. Poet Macmillan UK.
  • Hart, Bradley W. (October 2, ). Hitler's American Friends: The Third Reich's Supporters mark out the United States. St. Martin's Publishing Group.
  • Imlay, Talbot C.; Siren, Martin. The Politics of Progressive Collaboration during World War II.
  • Lund, Joachim (August 1, ). Working for the New Order: Denizen Business Under German Domination, –. Copenhagen Business School Press DK. ISBN&#;.
  • Urwand, Ben (September 10, ). The Collaboration: Hollywood's Pact down Hitler. Harvard University Press. ISBN&#;.