Jacques cousteau biography youtube

French naval officer, oceanographer, producer and author ()

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, AC (, also, French:[ʒakivkusto]; 11 June &#;&#; 25 June )^[1] was splendid French naval officer, oceanographer, producer and author. He co-invented loftiness first successful open-circuit self-contained sunken breathing apparatus (SCUBA), called blue blood the gentry Aqua-Lung, which assisted him enjoy producing some of the greatest underwater documentaries.

Cousteau wrote assorted books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, The Silent World: A Story be advantageous to Undersea Discovery and Adventure, Explorer surmised the existence of prestige echolocation abilities of porpoises. Righteousness book was adapted into brush up underwater documentary called The Still World. Co-directed by Cousteau promote Louis Malle, it was individual of the first films assume use underwater cinematography to certificate the ocean depths in tinture. The film won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Integument Festival and remained the unique documentary to do so waiting for (when Fahrenheit 9/11 received honesty award). It was also awarded the Academy Award for Unconditional Documentary in

From to , he hosted The Undersea Nature of Jacques Cousteau, a docudrama television series, presented on Earth commercial television stations. A next documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from to on common television stations.

Biography

Early life

Cousteau was born swearing 11 June , in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel near Élisabeth Cousteau. He had memory brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed consummate preparatory studies at the Collège Stanislas in Paris. In , he entered the École navale and graduated as a cannonry officer. However, an automobile prominence, which broke both his conflict, cut short his career outer shell naval aviation. The accident laboured Cousteau to change his order to become a naval initial, so he then indulged passion for the ocean.^[2]

In Toulon, where he was serving practice the Condorcet, Cousteau carried ditch his first underwater experiments, escalation to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in lent him harsh Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors livestock modern swimming goggles.^[1] Cousteau besides belonged to the information benefit of the French Navy, other was sent on missions harmonious Shanghai and Japan (–) brook in the USSR ().^[3]

On 12 July , he married Simone Melchior, his business partner,^[4] deal with whom he had two sprouts, Jean-Michel (born ) and Philippe (–). His sons took extent in the adventures of blue blood the gentry Calypso. In , six months after his wife Simone's kill from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had spruce up daughter Diane Cousteau (born ) and a son, Pierre-Yves Explorer (born , during Cousteau's wedlock to his first wife).

Early s: innovation of modern sunken diving

The years of World Hostilities II were decisive for authority history of diving. After birth armistice of , the kith and kin of Simone and Jacques-Yves Explorer took refuge in Megève, spin he became a friend livestock the Ichac family who besides lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau direct Marcel Ichac shared the amount to desire to reveal to birth general public unknown and impassable places—for Cousteau the underwater environment and for Ichac the elate mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize cataclysm the Congress of Documentary Skin in , for the chief French underwater film: Par dix-huit mètres de fond (18 meters deep), made without breathing requisites the previous year in dignity Embiez islands in Var, proper Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Author, using a depth-pressure-proof camera instance developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche, an engineer of Humanities and Measures at the Oceanic College.

In , they effortless the film Épaves (Shipwrecks), always which they used two pursuit the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made welloff Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Adventurer and Émile Gagnan.^[5] When formation Épaves, Cousteau could not locate the necessary blank reels atlas movie film, but had concern buy hundreds of small undertake camera film reels the equal width, intended for a mark of child's camera, and joined at a loss them together to make grovel reels.^[6][7]

Having kept bonds with integrity English speakers (he spent lay at somebody's door of his childhood in depiction United States and usually crosspiece English) and with French joe public in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose stay "Baobab" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy endorse join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando commence against the Italian espionage mending in France, and received a number of military decorations for his activity. At that time, he reserved his distance from his kin Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a "pen anti-semite" who edited the collaborationist record Je suis partout (I fruit drink everywhere) and who received excellence death sentence in However, that was later commuted to natty life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in

During the remorseless, Cousteau is credited with rising the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit aqualung technology used today. According lambast his first book, The Implicit World: A Story of Submerged Discovery and Adventure (), Explorer started diving with Fernez window-pane in , and in sentimental the self-contained underwater breathing medium invented in by Commander Yves le Prieur.^[6] Cousteau was remote satisfied with the length carp time he could spend submerged with the Le Prieur device so he improved it fifty pence piece extend underwater duration by working account a demand regulator, invented jagged by Émile Gagnan.^[6] In Explorer tried out the first first Aqua-Lung which finally made stretched underwater exploration possible.

Late s: GERS and Élie Monnier

In , Cousteau and Tailliez showed honesty film Épaves ("Shipwrecks") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them representation responsibility of setting up class GRS (Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines, Underwater Research Group) of leadership French Navy in Toulon. Fine little later it became representation GERS (Groupe d'Études et sneak Recherches Sous-Marines, Underwater Studies topmost Research Group), then the COMISMER (Commandement des Interventions Sous try Mer, Undersea Interventions Command), pivotal finally the CEPHISMER (Centre Connoisseur Plongée Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer, Expert Centre transport Human Diving and Undersea Intervention). In , Chief Petty OfficerMaurice Fargues became the first explorer to die using an Aqua-Lung, while attempting a new profoundness record to &#;m with description GERS near Toulon.^[8]

In , among missions of mine clearance, subaqueous exploration and technological and physical tests, Cousteau undertook a foremost campaign in the Mediterranean matter board the sloopÉlie Monnier,^[9][10] opposed to Philippe Tailliez, Frédéric Dumas, Denim Alinat and the scenario litt‚rateur Marcel Ichac. The small setup also undertook the exploration make out the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the supreme underwater archaeology operation using self-governing diving, opening the way purport scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau illustrious Marcel Ichac brought back immigrant there the Carnets diving integument (presented and preceded with dignity Cannes Film Festival ).

Cousteau and the Élie Monnier fortify took part in the let loose of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscape, the FNRS-2, during the excursion to Dakar. Thanks to that rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the ambiance of the bathyscaphe to combine the FNRS

The adventures position this period are told train in the two books The Unexpressed World (, by Cousteau boss Dumas) and Plongées sans câble (, by Philippe Tailliez).

–s

In , Cousteau left the Romance Navy.

In , he supported the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship entitled Calypso from Thomas Loel Actor for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted loftiness Calypso as a mobile region for field research and despite the fact that his principal vessel for swimming and filming. He also cheat out underwater archaeological excavations get round the Mediterranean, in particular surprise victory Grand-Congloué ().

With the delivery of his first book mull it over , The Silent World, Explorer correctly predicted the existence pounce on the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his check vessel, the Élie Monier, was heading to the Straits place Gibraltar and noticed a appoint of porpoises following them. Explorer changed course a few scale 1 off the optimal course put the finishing touches to the center of the confined, and the porpoises followed provision a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew position the optimal course lay, level if the humans did war cry. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new characteristic on submarines.

In , Explorer conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf make a fuss over British Petroleum. Among those ensuant him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film prescription the expedition for the company.^[11] Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Celebration in for The Silent World co-produced with Malle. In , Cousteau took over as superior of the Oceanographic Museum characteristic Monaco.^[2] Afterward, with the collaboration of Jean Mollard, he appreciative a "diving saucer" SP, forceful experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of meters. The successful experiment was swiftly repeated in with two vehicles which reached meters.

In , he was elected as principal of the Oceanographic Museum diagram Monaco.^[2] He directed Précontinent, pine the experiments of diving load saturation (long-duration immersion, houses adorn the sea), and was manifest to the United States State Academy of Sciences.

He was involved in the creation weekend away Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques and served as its initiation president from to ^[12]

Cousteau further took part in inventing class "SP Denise Diving Saucer" walk heavily which was an invention appropriately for exploring the ocean storey, as it allowed one perfect explore on solid ground.^[2]

In Oct , a large amount read radioactive waste was going concern be discarded in the Sea Sea by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and put off French oceanographers such as Vsevolod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, plus Louis Fage and Jacques Explorer, repudiated the claim, saying range Romanovsky had in mind a- much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was tiny circulation (and hence little want for concern) at the disburden site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion unhinged with the oceanographers rather stun with the CEA atomic try scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone honourableness dump.^[13] Cousteau organized a promotion campaign which in less mystify two weeks gained wide typical support. The train carrying birth waste was stopped by unit and children sitting on rendering railway tracks, and it was sent back to its fountainhead.

In the s, Cousteau was involved with a set line of attack three projects to build submarine "villages"; the projects were name Precontinent I, Precontinent II bid Precontinent III. Each ensuing scheme was aimed at increasing grandeur depth at which people ceaselessly lived under water, and were an attempt at creating effect environment in which men could live and work on honourableness sea floor. The projects junk best known as Conshelf Comical (), Conshelf II (), extract Conshelf III (). The attack "Precontinent", and "Continental Shelf Station" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably give up Cousteau.

A meeting with Earth television companies (ABC, Métromédia, NBC) created the series The Subsurface World of Jacques Cousteau, portray the character of the commandant in the red bonnet innate from standard diving dress voluntary to give the films deft "personalized adventure" style. This infotainment television series ran for 10 years from to A in a tick documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from to on bring to light television stations.

In , do something wrote the book The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea with his son Philippe. Withdraw this book, Cousteau described character oceanic whitetip shark as "the most dangerous of all sharks".

In December , two life-span after the volcano's last contraction, The Cousteau Society was cinematography Voyage au bout du monde on Deception Island, Antarctica, in the way that Michel Laval, Calypso's second heritage command, was struck and handle by a rotor of rendering helicopter that was ferrying betwixt Calypso and the island.^[14][15]

In , along with his two course of action and Frederick Hyman, he authored the Cousteau Society for blue blood the gentry Protection of Ocean Life, Town Hyman being its first Executive.

In , John Denver unconfined the tribute song "Calypso" setback his album Windsong, and legation the B-side of his crash song "I'm Sorry". "Calypso" became a hit on its temper and was later considered interpretation new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts.

In , Cousteau located the wreck symbolize HMHS Britannic, which had ruined on the 21st November sustenance striking a mine in prestige Kea Channel, the 3rd last final of the three Olympic-class liners & the younger pamper to the RMS Olympic streak RMS Titanic. He also establish the wreck of the Land 17th-century ship-of-the-line La Therese hem in coastal waters of Crete.

In , together with Peter Thespian, he received the UN Universal Environment prize.

On 28 June , while the Calypso was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, coronate preferred and designated successor tell with whom he had co-produced all his films since , died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in birth Tagus river near Lisbon. Adventurer was deeply affected. He entitled his eldest son, the originator Jean-Michel, to his side. That collaboration lasted 14 years.

–s

From to , he was excellent regular on the animal fact show Those Amazing Animals, move forwards with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford.

In , Cousteau traveled to Canada come within reach of make two films on rectitude Saint Lawrence River and ethics Great Lakes, Cries from justness Deep and St. Lawrence: Set of steps to the Sea.^[16]

From to , Cousteau released a series give a rough idea films on the Amazon walkout TBS.^[17]

In , he received picture Presidential Medal of Freedom get out of U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Subside also released Cousteau/Mississippi, which won a Primetime Emmy Award stick up for Outstanding Informational Special.^[18]

From to , Cousteau released Rediscovery of illustriousness World, also with TBS.

On 24 November , he was elected to the Académie française, chair 17, succeeding Jean Inhibit. His official reception under magnanimity cupola took place on 22 June , the response abut his speech of reception work out given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. Funds his death, he was replaced by Érik Orsenna on 28 May

In June , loftiness composer Jean Michel Jarre remunerative homage to the commander chunk entitling his new album Waiting for Cousteau. He also poised the music for Cousteau's flick "Palawan, the last refuge".

On 2 December , his better half, Simone Cousteau died of carcinoma. Six months later, in June , in Paris, Jacques-Yves Explorer remarried to Francine Triplet, disagree with whom he had a delight since the early s obtain two children, Diane (born row ) and Pierre-Yves (born guarantee ). Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as justness head of the Cousteau Base and Cousteau Society. From put off point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older surpass Francine, worsened.

In November , Cousteau gave an interview jab the UNESCO Courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human inhabitants control and population decrease. Thoroughly quoted on the Internet peal these two paragraphs from honourableness interview: "What should we beat to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea however perhaps not altogether a valuable one in the long bump. If we try to device it we may jeopardize honourableness future of our speciesIt's serious to have to say that. World population must be become stable and to do that phenomenon must eliminate , people churlish day. This is so terrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But nobleness general situation in which phenomenon are involved is lamentable".^[19]

In , he was invited to City de Janeiro, Brazil, for class United Nations' International Conference pattern Environment and Development, and bolster he became a regular expert for the UN and class World Bank.

In , spruce up brief biography, as well sort an introduction by Cousteau was featured in interactive educational code program Undersea Adventure, developed indifferent to former game developer Knowledge Pleasure.

In , Cousteau became confusing in a legal battle comprise his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the "Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort" in the South Peaceful, to prevent him from squander the Cousteau name for venture purposes in the United States.^[20] This resulted in Jean-Michel Adventurer being ordered by the mindnumbing to not encourage confusion in the middle of his for-profit business and coronet father's non-profit endeavours.

On 11 January , Calypso was rammed and sunk in the haul of Singapore by a canal boat. The Calypso was refloated streak towed home to France.^[21]

Religious views

Archbishop Jean-Marie Lustiger celebrated his sepulture Mass at Notre-Dame in Town. In his homily he suspected, "Without betraying any confidences, Churchman Carré told me of her majesty respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Crystalclear discovered in him a person of prayer whom he attended in his last months forget about his life, giving him, bucketing the sacraments of the Religion, the strength of his transit towards eternity."^[22]

In a chapter privileged "The Holy Scriptures and ethics Environment" in the posthumous travail The Human, the Orchid, beam the Octopus, he is quoted as stating that "The brilliance of nature provides evidence mosey God exists".^[23]

Opinion on recreational fishing

Cousteau said that just because pompous are cold-blooded does not near they do not feel speed up, and that recreational fishermen solitary say so to reassure their conscience.^[24]

Death and legacy

Jacques-Yves Cousteau correctly of a heart attack go through with a finetooth comb 25 June in Paris, a handful of weeks after his 87th holiday. He was buried in class family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac, cap birthplace.^[25] An homage was cashed to him by the village by naming the street which runs out to the dwelling of his birth "rue fall to bits Commandant Cousteau", where a memento plaque was placed.

Cousteau's gift includes more than television documentaries, more than 50 books, final an environmental protection foundation butt , members.^[1]

Cousteau liked to give a buzz himself an "oceanographic technician". No problem was, in reality, a cosmopolitan showman, teacher, and lover sketch out nature. His work permitted numberless people to explore the fold up of the oceans.

His thought also created a new style of scientific communication, criticized distill the time by some academics. The so-called "divulgationism", a unkind way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in irritate disciplines and became one position the most important characteristics ensnare modern television broadcasting.

His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and in all likelihood even he himself,^[26][27] has back number identified as introducing the "Killer Algae" Caulerpa taxifolia, which representative negatively affecting the Mediterranean's habitat.

The Cousteau Society and neat French counterpart, l'Équipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau supported, are still active today. Righteousness Society is currently attempting traverse turn the original Calypso bounce a museum and it levelheaded raising funds to build systematic successor vessel, the Calypso II.

In , the International Look at Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Demonstration. The timepiece incorporated a slip of wood from the emotions of Cousteau's Calypso research receptacle. Having developed the diver's examine, IWC offered support to Significance Cousteau Society. The proceeds overexert the timepieces' sales were in part donated to the non-profit practice involved in conservation of nautical life and preservation of stifling coral reefs.^[28]

Fabien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is on the run the process of constructing spruce community of ocean flooring breakdown stations, called Proteus, off Curaçao at a depth of providence 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside leading work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started compact with the habitat planned pick the sea bottom in ^[29]

In October , an underwater plate honoring Jacques Cousteau was settled in the underwater dive compilation off Casino Point in Eden, California. In November , outstanding to deterioration, the plaque was replaced.^[30][31]

Awards and honors

During his day, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:

Filmography

Legend

Bibliography

• The Silent World (, with Frédéric Dumas)
• Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury (, with Felon Dugan)
• The Living Sea (, touch James Dugan)
• World Without Sun ()
• The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (–, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diolé)
  • The Shark: Splendid Savage announcement the Sea ()
  • Diving for Submerged Treasure ()
  • Life and Death scuttle a Coral Sea ()
  • The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea ()
  • Octopus and Squid: The Plushy Intelligence ()
  • Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes ()
  • Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus ()
  • Dolphins ()
• The Ocean World go along with Jacques Cousteau (–78, 21 volumes)
  • Oasis in Space (vol 1)
  • The Act of Life (vol 2)
  • Quest for Food (vol 3)
  • Window recovered the Sea (vol 4)
  • The Section of Motion (vol 5)
  • Attack perch Defense (vol 6)
  • Invisible Messages (vol 7)
  • Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)
  • Pharaohs of the Sea (vol 9)
  • Mammals in the Sea (vol 10)
  • Provinces of the Sea (vol 11)
  • Man Re-Enters Sea (vol 12)
  • A The waves abundance of Legends (vol 13)
  • Adventure lecture Life (vol 14)
  • Outer and Innermost Space (vol 15)
  • The Whitecaps (vol 16)
  • Riches of the Sea (vol 17)
  • Challenges of the Sea (vol 18)
  • The Sea in Danger (vol 19)
  • Guide to the Sea beam Index (vol 20)
  • Calypso (, vol 21)
• A Bill of Rights on the side of Future Generations ()
• Life at influence Bottom of the World ()
• The Cousteau United States Almanac collide the Environment (, a.k.a. The Cousteau Almanac of primacy Environment: An Inventory of Authenticated on a Water Planet)
• Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (, with Alexis Sivirine)
• Marine Life of the Caribbean (, with James Cribb and Clocksmith H. Suchanek)
• Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey (, with Mose Richards)
• Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World ()
• The Whale (, with Philippe Diolé)
• Jacques Cousteau: Whales (, with Yves Paccalet)
• The Human, The Orchid and Representation Octopus (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury )

Media portrayals

Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films:

• The American comedy film The Believable Aquatic with Steve Zissou, doomed by Wes Anderson and principal released in December , portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau.^[34][35][36]
• The French film The Odyssey, bound by Jérôme Salle and precede released in October , focuses on Cousteau's life, especially in re his relation with his eminent wife, Simone Melchior, and dominion second son, Philippe Cousteau.^{[37][38][35][36]}
• Jacques Explorer was featured in Epic Stage Battle of History's sixth bout, and was portrayed by Cock Shukoff. He faced off be realistic Steve Irwin, portrayed by Histrion Ahlquist.
• Jacques Cousteau is depicted check the music video for representation Plastic Bertrand song titled “Jacques Cousteau.” In the video Jacques Cousteau is depicted as exasperating nautical attire and living fuse a fish bowl.
• Jacques Cousteau was briefly featured in the bubbling television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants", greet the episode Spongebob's Big Observance Blowout. He was portrayed trade in the French Narrator who again speaks and/or makes appearances hit the show.

See also

References