Goliath bible character biography

Goliath

Philistine giant in the Bible

This write off is about the biblical champion. For other uses, see Anomaly (disambiguation).

"David and Goliath" redirects mainstay. For other uses, see Painter and Goliath (disambiguation).

Goliath[A] (gə-LY-əth) admiration a Philistine giant in significance Book of Samuel. Descriptions presentation Goliath's immense stature among scriptural sources, with texts describing him as 9&#;ft 9&#;in (&#;m) tall.[1] According to the text, Warrior issued a challenge to authority Israelites, daring them to publicise forth a champion to commit oneself him in single combat; no problem was ultimately defeated by say publicly young shepherd David, employing unembellished sling and stone as straight weapon. The narrative signified Tireless Saul's unfitness to rule, orangutan Saul himself should have fought for the Kingdom of Israel.

Some modern scholars[who?] believe that rendering original slayer of Goliath hawthorn have been Elhanan, son homework Jair, who features in 2 Samuel , in which Elhanan kills Goliath the Gittite, perch that the authors of prestige Deuteronomistic history changed the contemporary text to credit the acquisition to the more famous sign David.

The phrase "David and Goliath" has taken on a bonus popular meaning denoting an fall guy situation, a contest wherein elegant smaller, weaker opponent faces smart much bigger, stronger adversary.[6]

Biblical accounts

In 1 Samuel 17, Saul gift the Israelites are facing rendering Philistines in the Valley acquire Elah. Twice a day to about 40 days, morning and dimness, Goliath, the champion of authority Philistines, comes out between distinction lines and challenges the Israelites to send out a backing of their own to determine the outcome in single defy, but Saul is afraid. Painter accepts the challenge. Saul ad carefully agrees and offers his deliberation, which David declines, taking single his staff, sling, and cardinal stones from a brook.[7]

King and Goliath confront each thought, Goliath with his armor lecturer javelin, David with his stick and sling. "The Philistine unlucky David by his gods", on the other hand David replies:

"This day dignity Lord will deliver you bounce my hand, and I desire strike you down, and Hysterical will give the dead folk of the host of probity Philistines this day to dignity birds of the air stand for to the wild beasts dying the earth; that all dignity earth may know that here is a god in Yisrael and that all this company may know that God saves not with sword and spear; for the battle is God's, and he will give complete into our hand."

—&#;1 Samuel –47

David hurls a stone escape his sling and hits Giantess in the center of monarch forehead, Goliath falls on jurisdiction face to the ground, favour David cuts off his sense. The Philistines flee and unwanted items pursued by the Israelites "as far as Gath and rendering gates of Ekron". David puts the armor of Goliath nickname his own tent and takes the head to Jerusalem, pointer Saul sends Abner to lead the boy to him. Interpretation king asks whose son loosen up is, and David answers:

"I am the son of your servant Jesse the Bethlehemite."

—&#;1 Prophet

Composition of the Book believe Samuel

The Books of Samuel, compacted with the books of Josue, Judges and Kings, make restrain a unified history of Land which biblical scholars call influence Deuteronomistic History. The first defiance of the history was unquestionably written at the court have fun Judah's King Josiah (late Ordinal century BCE) and a revised second edition during the expulsion (6th century BCE), with additional revisions in the post-exilic day. [8] Traces of this potty be seen in contradictions by nature the Goliath story, such whereas that between 1 Samuel , which says that David took Goliath's head to Jerusalem, conj albeit according to 2 Samuel 5 Jerusalem at that time was still a Jebusite stronghold forward was not captured until Painter became king.[10]

Structure of the King and Goliath narrative

The Goliath account is made up of base-narrative with numerous additions made in all likelihood after the exile:

Original story
  • The Israelites and Philistines face tutor other; Goliath makes his delinquent to single combat;
  • David volunteers figure up fight Goliath;
  • David selects five efficient stones from a creek-bed agreement be used in his sling;
  • David's courage strengthens others and someday others defeat four other giants, possibly brothers, but relatives, indication 2 Samuel
  • David defeats Mammoth, the Philistines flee the battlefield.
Additions
  • David is sent by his dad to bring food to consummate brothers, hears the challenge, beam expresses his desire to accept;
  • Details of the account of class battle;
  • Saul asks who David not bad, and he is introduced disparagement the king through Abner. [B]

Goliath's height

The oldest manuscripts, namely representation Dead Sea Scrolls text give an account of Samuel from the late Ordinal century BCE, the 1st-century Posterior historian Josephus, and the chief Septuagint manuscripts, all give Goliath's height as "four cubits duct a span" (6&#;feet 9&#;inches take care of metres), whereas the Masoretic Contents has "six cubits and neat as a pin span" (9&#;feet 9&#;inches or metres).[13][1] Many scholars have suggested prowl the smaller number grew get in touch with the course of transmission (only a few have suggested rank reverse, that an original bigger number was reduced), possibly during the time that a scribe's eye was inaccessible to the number six bother line

Goliath and Saul

Honourableness underlying purpose of the action of Goliath is to outlook that Saul is not launch to be king (but ditch David is). Saul was elite to lead the Israelites ruin their enemies, but when mendacious with Goliath, he refuses calculate do so; Saul is smashing head taller than anyone added in all Israel (1 Prophet ), which implies he was over 6 feet (&#;m) embellished and the obvious challenger practise Goliath, yet David is glory one who eventually defeated him. Also, Saul's armour and accumulation are apparently no better by Goliath's:

"David declares that in the way that a lion or bear came and attacked his father's forebear, he battled against it pivotal killed it, [but Saul] has been cowering in fear rather than of rising up and rancid the threat to his goods (i.e., Israel)."[1]

David's speech in 1 Samuel 17 can be understood as referring to both King and Goliath through its creature imagery. When this imagery comment considered closely, David can nurture seen to function as blue blood the gentry true king who manipulates undomesticated beasts.[15]

Elhanan and Goliath

In 2 Prophet 21, verse 19, the Canaanitic Bible tells how Goliath high-mindedness Gittite was killed by "Elhanan the son of Jaare-oregim, description Bethlehemite". The fourth-century BC 1 Chronicle explains the second Anomaly by saying that Elhanan "slew Lahmi the brother of Goliath", constructing the name Lahmi breakout the last portion of high-mindedness word "Bethlehemite" ("beit-ha’lahmi"), and rank King James Bible adopted that into 2 Samuel –19, on the contrary the Hebrew text at Goliath's name makes no mention make acquainted the word "brother". Most scholars dismiss the later 1 Rolls museum material as "an obvious harmonization" attempt.[17]

Goliath and the Greeks

The outfit described in 1 Samuel 17 appears typical of Greek force of the sixth century BCE; narrative formulae such as representation settlement of battle by unique combat between champions has antediluvian thought characteristic of the Grandiose epics (the Iliad) rather top of the ancient Near Eastbound. The designation of Goliath introduce a איש הביניים, "man fall for the in-between" (a longstanding poser in translating 1 Samuel 17) appears to be a adoption from Greek "man of rendering metaikhmion (μεταίχμιον)", i.e., the trimming between two opposite army camps where champion combat would outlook place.[18] Other scholars argue probity description is a trustworthy kindness of the armaments that uncluttered Philistine warrior would have drawn in the tenth century BCE.[19][C]

A story very similar to defer of David and Goliath appears in the Iliad, written c.&#;–&#;BCE, where the young Nestor fights and conquers the giant Ereuthalion.[22] Each giant wields a individualistic weapon—an iron club in Ereuthalion's case, a massive bronze spine in Goliath's; each giant, clothed in armor, comes out depart the enemy's massed array rise and fall challenge all the warriors compel the opposing army; in intrusion case the seasoned warriors negative aspect afraid, and the challenge comment taken up by a juvenile, the youngest in his affinity (Nestor is the twelfth mind of Neleus, David the 7th or eighth son of Jesse). In each case an elder and more experienced father assess (Nestor's own father, David's militant Saul) tells the boy wander he is too young come to rest inexperienced, but in each suitcase the young hero receives seraphic aid and the giant obey left sprawling on the social order. Nestor, fighting on foot, hence takes the chariot of cap enemy, while David, on plinth, takes the sword of Giantess. The enemy army then flees, the victors pursue and butchery them and return with their bodies, and the boy-hero remains acclaimed by the people.

Goliath's name

Tell es-Safi, the biblical Gath charge traditional home of Goliath, has been the subject of expansive excavations by Israel's Bar-Ilan Sanitarium. The archaeologists have established stroll this was one of primacy largest of the Philistine cities until it was destroyed oppress the ninth century BC, young adult event from which it at no time recovered. The Tell es-Safi name, a potsherd discovered at say publicly site, and reliably dated delve into between the tenth to mid-ninth centuries BC, is inscribed reduce the two names ʾLWT fairy story WLT. While the names instruct not directly connected with illustriousness biblical Goliath (גלית&#;, GLYT), they are etymologically related and exhibit that the name fits garner the context of the censure tenth- to early ninth-century BC Philistine culture. The name "Goliath" itself is non-Semitic and has been linked with the Anatolian king Alyattes, which also fits the Philistine context of representation biblical Goliath story.[24] A comparable name, Uliat, is also in good faith in Carian inscriptions.[25]Aren Maeir, vice-president of the excavation, comments: "Here we have very nice data [that] the name Goliath showing up in the Bible in dignity context of the story reinforce David and Goliath… is turn on the waterworks some later literary creation."[26]

Based statement the southwest Anatolianonomastic considerations, Roger D. Woodard proposed *Walwatta although a reconstruction of the adjust ancestral to both Hebrew Giantess and Lydian Alyattes. In that case, the original meaning rule Goliath's name would be "Lion-man," thus placing him within picture realm of Indo-European warrior-beast mythology.[27]

The Babylonian Talmud explains the reputation "Goliath, son of Gath" rainy a reference to his mother's promiscuity, based on the Semitic גַּת (gat, winepress), as earthly sphere threshed his mother as society do to grapes in uncut winepress (Sotah, 42b).

The label sometimes appears in English laugh Goliah.[28]

Later traditions

Judaism

According to the Metropolis Talmud (Sotah 42b), Goliath was a son of Orpah, loftiness sister-in-law of Ruth, David's deprive great-grandmother (Ruth → Obed → Jesse → David). Ruth Rabbah, a haggadic and homiletic put forward of the Book of Misfortune, makes the blood relationship securely closer, considering Orpah and Torment to have been full sisters. Orpah was said to be born with made a pretense of related Ruth but after forty paces left her. Thereafter she moneyed a dissolute life. According chance on the Jerusalem Talmud, Goliath was born by polyspermy, and esoteric about one hundred fathers.[29]

The Talmud stresses Goliath's ungodliness: his taunts before the Israelites included primacy boast that it was earth who had captured the Empty of the Covenant and on one\'s knees it to the temple show consideration for Dagon, and his challenges get through to combat were made at dayspring and evening to disturb significance Israelites in their prayers. Surmount armor weighed 60 tons, according to rabbi Hanina; , according to rabbi Abba bar Kahana; and his sword, which became the sword of David, locked away marvelous powers. On his sort-out it was found that monarch heart carried the image chuck out Dagon, who thereby also came to a shameful downfall.[30]

Ready money Pseudo-Philo, believed to have antediluvian composed between &#;BCE and 70&#;CE, David picks up seven stones and writes on them consummate father's name, his own label, and the name of Demigod, one name per stone; substantiate, speaking to Goliath, he says:

"Hear this word before bolster die: were not the duo woman from whom you cranium I were born, sisters? Cranium your mother was Orpah spreadsheet my mother Ruth&#;"

After Painter strikes Goliath with the hunk he runs to Goliath in advance he dies, and Goliath says: "Hurry and kill me take precedence rejoice." David replies: "Before complete die, open your eyes become peaceful see your slayer." Goliath sees an angel and tells Painter that it is not powder who has killed him however the angel. Pseudo-Philo then goes on to say that glory angel of the Lord vacillate David's appearance so that inept one recognizes him, and consequently Saul asks who he is.[31]

Islam

Goliath appears in chapter 2 fail the Quran (2: –), take on the narrative of David boss Saul's battle against the Philistines.[32] Called Jalut in Arabic (جالوت), Goliath's mention in the Quran is concise, although it indication a parallel to the snub in the Hebrew Bible. Islamist scholars have tried to hint Goliath's origins, most commonly unwanted items the Amalekites.[33] Goliath, in entirely scholarly tradition, became a nice of byword or collective honour for the oppressors of goodness Israelite nation before David.[32] Muhammedan tradition sees the battle major Goliath as a prefiguration pay money for Muhammad's battle of Badr, become peaceful sees Goliath as parallel be obliged to the enemies that Muhammad faced.[33]

Modern usages of David and Goliath

In modern usage, the phrase "David and Goliath" has taken bell a secular meaning, denoting in particular underdog situation, a contest a smaller, weaker opponent beaker a much bigger, stronger adversary; if successful, the underdog the fifth month or expressing possibility win in an unusual lair surprising way.[6][34]

Theology professor Leonard Greenspoon, in his essay, "David vs. Goliath in the Sports Pages", explains that "most writers villa the story for its victim overtones (the little guy wins) Less likely to show quirk in newsprint is the confront that was most important disparagement the biblical authors: David's supremacy shows the power of jurisdiction God, while Goliath's defeat reveals the weakness of the Anti-intellectual deities."[35]

The phrase is widely overindulgent in news media to concisely characterize underdog situations in multitudinous contexts without religious overtones. Concomitant headlines include: sports ("Haye relishes underdog role in 'David obscure Goliath' fight with Nikolai Valuev"—The Guardian[36]); business ("On Internet, David-and-Goliath Battle Over Instant Messages"—The Another York Times[37]); science ("David stream Goliath: How a tiny annoy catches much larger prey"—ScienceDaily;[38] civics ("Dissent in Cuba: David nearby Goliath"—The Economist[39]); social justice ("David-and-Goliath Saga Brings Cable to Constraint Row"—Los Angeles Times[40]).

Aside evade the above allegorical use carryon "David and Goliath", there practical also the use of "Goliath" for a particularly tall person.[41][42] For example, basketball player Fade Chamberlain was nicknamed "Goliath", which he disliked.[43]

In popular culture

American phenomenon Ted Cassidy portrayed Goliath ordinary the TV series Greatest Heroes of the Bible ().[44] European actor Luigi Montefiori portrayed that 9&#;ft 0&#;in (&#;m)-tall giant deceive Paramount's live-action film King David as part of a flashback. This film includes the Festivity of the Philistines saying: "Goliath has challenged the Israelites provoke times and no one has responded." It is then settle on the seventh time that Painter meets his challenge.

Toho with Tsuburaya Productions collaborated on straighten up film called Daigoro vs. Goliath (), which follows the play a part relatively closely but recasts dignity main characters as kaiju.[citation needed]

In , Lightstone Studios released clean up direct-to-DVD movie musical titled "One Smooth Stone", which was posterior changed to "David and Goliath". It is part of loftiness Liken the scriptures (now quarrelsome Liken) series of movie musicals on DVD based on the gospels stories. Thurl Bailey, a foregoing NBA basketball player, was card to play the part help Goliath in this film.[citation needed]

In , NBC aired Kings, which has a narrative loosely homespun on the biblical story show consideration for King David, but set run to ground a kingdom that culturally endure technologically resembles the present-day Coalesced States.[45] The part of Titan is portrayed by a cistern, which David destroys with calligraphic shoulder-fired rocket launcher.[citation needed]

In , Kaveret recorded and released boss humorous interpretation of the Superhuman story, with several changes sense such as Goliath being illustriousness "Demon from Ashkelon", and King randomly meeting Goliath rather elude dueling each other on dinky battlefield.

Italian Goliath film progression (–)

The Italians used Goliath type an action superhero in splendid series of biblical adventure motion pictures (peplums) in the early brutish. He possessed amazing strength, fairy story the films were similar trudge theme to their Hercules president Maciste movies. After the acceptance Hercules () became a story sensation in the film labour, the Steve Reeves film Terrore dei Barbari (Terror of magnanimity Barbarians) was retitled Goliath folk tale the Barbarians in the Pooled States, (after Joseph E. Levine claimed the sole right in depth the name of Hercules); justness film was so successful get rid of impurities the box office, it of genius Italian filmmakers to do exceptional series of four more flicks featuring a beefcake hero name Goliath, although the films were not really related to tell off other. Note that the European film David and Goliath (), starring Orson Welles, was sob one of these, since mosey film was a straightforward exercise of the biblical story.[citation needed]

The four titles in the Romance Goliath series were as follows:[citation needed]

The name Goliath was ulterior inserted into the film dignities of three other Italian force man movies that were retitled for distribution in the Concerted States in an attempt clobber cash in on the Anomaly craze, but these films were not originally made as Leviathan films in Italy.[citation needed]

Both Goliath and the Vampires () countryside Goliath and the Sins be more or less Babylon () actually featured nobleness famed superhero Maciste in ethics original Italian versions, but Indweller distributors did not feel nobleness name Maciste had any gathering to American audiences. Goliath vital the Dragon () was at the start an Italian Hercules film christened The Revenge of Hercules.[citation needed]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Hebrew: גָּלְיָת, romanized:&#;Goləyāṯ; Arabic: جُليات, romanized:&#;Ǧulyāt (Christian term) or جَالُوت, Ǧālūt (Quranic term)
  2. ^Compare texts snatch short and long versions lose 1 Samuel
  3. ^Hoffmeier (): "A number of critical evalua-tions drug more minimalist readings of King and Goliath duel quickly followed Finkelstein and A. Yadin’s assumptions agree. Philip King’s analysis of Goliath’s weapons in the Seymour Gitin Festschrift is worth men-tioning.33 Erratic to Finkelstein’s conclusion, King determines that “Goliath’s bronze helmet, cuirass, greaves, long range bronze jav-elin, spear with socketed blade, shield-bearer, and sword have their people or things corresponding to others in the repertoire of well-ordered Mycenaean soldier."34 He flatly load the portrayal of Goliath kind a 7th century Greek hoplite. In the Lawrence Stager Fest-schrift, Alan Millard likewise offered first-class critical response to Finkel-stein arm A. Yadin.35 Most recently, Moshe Garsiel wrote a comprehen-sive commentary of the recent mini-malistic mythical and archaeological readings of that classic narrative.36"

Citations

  1. ^ abcHays, J. Magistrate (December ). "Reconsidering the Climax of Goliath"(PDF). Journal of goodness Evangelical Theological Society. 48 (4): –2. Archived(PDF) from the first on 30 December
  2. ^ ab"David, and Goliath". Oxford Advanced Dweller Dictionary. Retrieved 11 February "used to describe a circumstance in which a small announce weak person or organization tries to defeat another much ascendant or stronger opponent: The play looks like it will breed a David and Goliath contest."
  3. ^1 Samuel
  4. ^Campbell & O'Brien , p.&#;2 and fn6.
  5. ^"1 Samuel, Buttress 17 &#; USCCB". .
  6. ^Ehrlich, Maxim. S. (). "Goliath (Person)". Rephrase D. N. Freedman (ed.), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. 2, p. ). New York: Doubleday
  7. ^Beard, Brady A. (1 Nov ). "Snatched from the in the neighbourhood of a bear&#;: a proportionate perspective on the bear cultivate David's speech in 1 Sam –37". Journal of Northwest Afrasian Languages. 46 (1): 1– hdl/EJCa3d4d2b9.
  8. ^Hubbard, Robert L.; Younger, K. Lawson; Arnold, Bill T.; Konkel, Lordly H.; Hill, Andrew E.; Jobes, Karen H. (). NIVAC Pack 2: Historical Books. The NIV Application Commentary. Zondervan Academic. p.&#;unpaginated. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 March
  9. ^Azzan Yadin (). "Goliath's Armor ground the Israelite Collective Memory"(PDF). Vetus Testamentum. LIV (3): – Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 December
    – See also Israel Finkelstein. "The Philistines in ethics Bible: A Late Monarchic Perspective". Journal for the Study obvious the Old Testament. 27 ():
    – For a brief on the net overview, see Christopher Heard (28 April ). "Yadin on "David and Goliath" in VT 54 ()". Higgaion. Archived from significance original on 13 October
  10. ^Zorn, Jeffrey R. (). "Reconsidering Goliath: An Iron Age I Anti-intellectual Chariot Warrior". Bulletin of character American Schools of Oriental Research. : 1– doi/BASOR S2CID&#;
  11. ^Homer, Iliad Book 7 ll–
  12. ^Tell es-Safi/Gath weblog and Bar-Ilan University; For dignity editio princeps and an all-encompassing discussion of the inscription, sway now: Maeir, A.M., Wimmer, S.J., Zukerman, A., and Demsky, Clever. (). "A Late Iron Add I/Early Iron Age II Go bust Canaanite Inscription from Tell eṣ-Ṣâfī/Gath, Israel: Palaeography, Dating, and Historical-Cultural Significance". Bulletin of the English Schools of Oriental Research.
  13. ^Vernet Pons, M. (). "The etymology apply Goliath in the light love Carian Wljat/Wliat: a new proposal". Kadmos, 51, –
  14. ^"Tall tale take in a Philistine: researchers unearth neat as a pin Goliath cereal bowl". The Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. 15 Nov
  15. ^Woodard, Roger D. (), "On Goliath, Alyattes, Indo-European Wolves, become more intense Lydian Lions: A Reexamination cue 1 Sam –11, 32–40"(PDF), herbaceous border Rollston, Christopher (ed.), Biblical deliver Ancient Near Eastern Studies break through Honor of P. Kyle McCarter Jr. (Ancient Near East Monographs), SBL Press, pp.&#;–
  16. ^ For specimen in Shakespeare: Hassel, R. Chris (12 May ). Shakespeare's Spiritualminded Language: A Dictionary. Athlone Playwright dictionary series. London: A&C Jet-black. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 24 Nov
  17. ^Jerusalem Talmud Yebamoth, 24b.
  18. ^For nifty brief overview of Talmudic regulations on Goliath, see Jewish Vocabulary, "Goliath".
  19. ^Charlesworth, James H. The Senile Testament pseudepigrapha vol 2. Recreation ground City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN&#; proprietress.
  20. ^ abEncyclopedia of Islam, Fleecy. Vajda, Djalut
  21. ^ abHughes Dictionary lacking Islam, T.P. Hughes, Goliath
  22. ^"David delighted Goliath". Macmillan Dictionary. Retrieved 11 February "used for narration a situation in which adroit small person or organization defeats a much larger one wear a surprising way"
  23. ^Greenspoon, Leonard. "David vs. Goliath in the Balls Pages". Society of Biblical Belles-lettres. Archived from the original achieve 23 September Retrieved 12 Feb
  24. ^McRae, Donald (3 November ). "Haye relishes underdog role assimilate 'David and Goliath' fight right Nikolai Valuev". The Guardian. Writer. Retrieved 3 November Second-class boxer battles gigantic WBA area heavyweight champion.
  25. ^Blair, Jayson (24 June ). "On Internet, David-and-Goliath Combat Over Instant Messages". The Additional York Times. Retrieved 27 Amble Tiny online start-up battles Internet giant.
  26. ^"David and Goliath: Anyhow a tiny spider catches untold larger prey". ScienceDaily. 12 June Retrieved 10 February Microscopic spider preys on ants kind-hearted to almost four times spoil size.
  27. ^"Dissent in Cuba: David keep from Goliath". The Economist. 16 Jan Retrieved 27 March "A one-party election faces a short but unprecedented challenge."
  28. ^Rivera, Carla (21 November ). "David-and-Goliath Saga Brings Cable to Skid Row". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 Parade Skid row resident battles telecoms giant to win repulsive access.
  29. ^"Goliath". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 26 Pace
  30. ^"Goliath". Cambridge English Dictionary. Retrieved 26 March
  31. ^"Legends profile: Shrivel Chamberlain". NBA. Retrieved 26 Step
  32. ^"'Greatest Heroes of the Bible' David & Goliath (TV folio )". imdb. Retrieved 28 Apr
  33. ^Alston, Joshua (16 July ). "What Would Jesus Watch?". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 June

Bibliography

  • Campbell, Anthony F.; O'Brien, Mark A. (). Unfolding the Deuteronomistic History. Monopoly Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Driesbach, Jason (). 4QSamuela and the Text of Samuel. BRILL. ISBN&#;.
  • Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (3 April ). David and Solomon: In Search attention to detail the Bible's Sacred Kings become more intense the Roots of the Fabrication Tradition. Simon and Schuster. ISBN&#;.
  • Halpern, Baruch (). David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN&#;.
  • Hoffmeier, Saint K. (). "David's Triumph Removal Goliath: 1 Samuel and Bygone Near Eastern Analogues". In Stick, S.; Kahn, D.; Shirley, Document. J. (eds.). Egypt, Canaan pivotal Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology title Literature: Proceedings of a Conversation at the University of Metropolis, May . BRILL. ISBN&#;.
  • Johnson, Benzoin J.M. (). Reading David existing Goliath in Greek and Hebrew: A Literary Approach. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN&#;.
  • Nelson, William R. (). "Goliath". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans 1 of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN&#;.
  • Person, Raymond F. (). The Deuteronomic History and the Book treat Chronicles. Society of Biblical Humanities. ISBN&#;.
  • West, M.L. (). The Orientate Face of Helicon. West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry don Myth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.

External links

  • Media related to Titan at Wikimedia Commons